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Difference between revisions of "Userland"

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A '''userland''' is the system utilities that are not a part of the main kernel, but provide a base system. The term userland (or user space) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software etc.
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A '''userland''' is the system utilities that are not a part of the kernel, but provide a base system. The term userland (or user space) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software etc.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|+ Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the [[User space|userland]] and [[kernel space]]
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|+ Various layers within */Linux, also showing separation between the [[userland]] and [[wikipedia:kernel space|kernel space]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | User mode
 
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | User mode
 
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''User applications'''
 
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''User applications'''
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | For example, [[Bourne-again shell|bash]], [[LibreOffice]], [[Apache OpenOffice]], [[Blender (software)|Blender]], [[0 A.D. (video game)|0 A.D.]], [[Mozilla Firefox]], etc.
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | For example, [[bash]], [[LibreOffice]], [[wikipedia:Apache OpenOffice|OpenOffice]], [[wikipedia:Blender (software)|Blender]], [[wikipedia:0 A.D. (video game)|0 A.D.]], [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]], etc.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="width: 20%; background-color: #ffffff" | Low-level system components:
 
| style="width: 20%; background-color: #ffffff" | Low-level system components:
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''System [[Daemon (computing)|daemons]]''':<br>''[[systemd]], [[runit]], logind, networkd, [[PulseAudio|soundd]], ...''
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''System [[wikipedia:Daemon (computing)|daemons]]''':<br>''[[systemd]], [[wikipedia:runit|runit]], logind, networkd, [[PulseAudio|soundd]], ...''
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''[[Windowing system]]''':<br>''[[X11]], [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]], [[Mir (software)|Mir]], [[SurfaceFlinger]] (Android)''
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''Windowing system''':<br>''[[Xorg|X11]], [[Wayland]], [[wikipedia:Mir (software)|Mir]], [[wikipedia:SurfaceFlinger|SurfaceFlinger]] (Android)''
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| colspan=2 style="width: 36%; background-color: #ffac75" | '''Other libraries:'''<br>''[[GTK+]], [[Qt (software)|Qt]], [[Enlightenment Foundation Libraries|EFL]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], [[Simple and Fast Multimedia Library|SFML]], [[FLTK]], [[GNUstep]]'', etc.
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| colspan=2 style="width: 36%; background-color: #ffac75" | '''Other libraries:'''<br>''[[GTK+]], [[Qt]], [[wikipedia:Enlightenment Foundation Libraries|EFL]], [[wikipedia:Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], [[wikipedia:Simple and Fast Multimedia Library|SFML]], [[wikipedia:FLTK|FLTK]], [[wikipedia:GNUstep|GNUstep]]'', etc.
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''Graphics''':<br>''[[wp:Mesa (computer graphics)|Mesa]]'', ''[[AMD Catalyst]]'', ...
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| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''Graphics''':<br>''[[wp:Mesa (computer graphics)|Mesa]]'', ''[[wikipedia:AMD Catalyst|AMD Catalyst]]'', ...
 
|- style="background-color: #96d5aa"
 
|- style="background-color: #96d5aa"
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| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''[[C standard library]]'''
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| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''[[wikipedia:C standard library|C standard library]]'''
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | <tt>open()</tt>, <tt>exec()</tt>, <tt>sbrk()</tt>, <tt>socket()</tt>, <tt>fopen()</tt>, <tt>calloc()</tt>, ... (up to 2000 [[subroutine]]s)<br>''[[glibc]]'' aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible, ''[[wp:uClibc]]'' targets embedded systems, ''[[wp:Bionic (software)|bionic]]'' written for [[Android]], etc.
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | {{ic|open()}}, {{ic|exec()}}, {{ic|sbrk()}}, {{ic|socket()}}, {{ic|fopen()}}, {{ic|calloc()}}, ... (up to 2000 [[wikipedia:subroutine|subroutine]]s)<br>''[[glibc]]'' aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[wikipedia:Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible, ''[[wikipedia:uClibc|uClibc]]'' targets embedded systems, ''[[wikipedia:Bionic (software)|bionic]]'' written for [[Android]], etc.
 
|-
 
|-
 
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | Kernel mode
 
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | Kernel mode
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| rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | '''[[Linux (kernel) | Linux kernel]]'''
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| rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | '''[[Linux (kernel) | Linux]]'''
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%; background-color: #ffb7b7;" |<tt>[[stat (system call)|stat]]</tt>, <tt>[[splice (system call)|splice]]</tt>, <tt>[[dup (system call)|dup]]</tt>, <tt>[[read (system call)|read]]</tt>, <tt>[[open (system call)|open]]</tt>, <tt>[[ioctl]]</tt>, <tt>[[write (system call)|write]]</tt>, <tt>[[mmap]]</tt>, <tt>[[close (system call)|close]]</tt>, <tt>[[exit (system call)|exit]]</tt>, etc. (about 380 system calls)<br>The Linux kernel [[System call|System Call Interface]] (SCI, aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[wp:Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible)
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%; background-color: #ffb7b7;" |{{ic|[[wikipedia:stat (system call)|stat]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:splice (system call)|splice]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:dup (system call)|dup]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:read (system call)|read]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:open (system call)|open]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:ioctl|ioctl]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:write (system call)|write]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:mmap|mmap]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:close (system call)|close]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:exit (system call)|exit]]}}, etc. (about 380 system calls)<br>The Linux [[wikipedia:System call|System Call Interface]] (SCI, aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[wikipedia:Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible)
 
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"
 
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"
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| style="width: 18%;" | [[wp:Scheduling (computing)|Process scheduling]]<br>subsystem
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| style="width: 18%;" | [[wikipedia:Scheduling (computing)|Process scheduling]]<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | IPC<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | IPC<br>subsystem
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| style="width: 18%;" | [[wp:Memory management]]<br>subsystem
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| style="width: 18%;" | [[wikipedia:Memory management|Memory management]]<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | Virtual files<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | Virtual files<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | Network<br>subsystem
 
| style="width: 18%;" | Network<br>subsystem
 
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"
 
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;"
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%;" | Other components: [[Advanced Linux Sound Architecture|ALSA]], [[Direct Rendering Infrastructure|DRI]], [[wp:evdev]], [[wp:Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]], [[device mapper]], [[Linux Network Scheduler]], [[Netfilter]]<br>[[wp:Linux Security Modules]]: ''[[wp:Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]'', ''[[wp:TOMOYO Linux|TOMOYO]]'', ''[[wp:AppArmor]]'', ''[[wp:Smack (Linux security module)|Smack]]''
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| colspan=5 style="width: 80%;" | Other components: [[ALSA]], [[wikipedia:Direct Rendering Infrastructure|DRI]], [[wikipedia:evdev|evdev]], [[wikipedia:Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]], [[wikipedia:device mapper|device mapper]], [[wikipedia:Linux Network Scheduler|Linux Network Scheduler]], [[wikipedia:Netfilter|Netfilter]]<br>[[wikipedia:Linux Security Modules|Linux Security Modules]]: ''[[wikipedia:Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]'', ''[[wikipedia:TOMOYO Linux|TOMOYO]]'', ''[[wikipedia:AppArmor|AppArmor]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Smack (Linux security module)|Smack]]''
 
|- style="background-color: #ffd99c;"
 
|- style="background-color: #ffd99c;"
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! colspan=7 style="width: 100%" | Hardware ([[Central processing unit|CPU]], [RAM|main memory]], [[wp:Computer data storage|data storage devices]], etc.)
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! colspan=7 style="width: 100%" | Hardware ([[Central processing unit|CPU]], [[RAM|main memory]], [[wikipedia:Computer data storage|data storage devices]], etc.)
 
|}
 
|}
 +
  
 
[[Category:Software]]
 
[[Category:Software]]
 
[[Category:Operating systems]]
 
[[Category:Operating systems]]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 9 May 2022

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A userland is the system utilities that are not a part of the kernel, but provide a base system. The term userland (or user space) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software etc.

Various layers within */Linux, also showing separation between the userland and kernel space
User mode User applications For example, bash, LibreOffice, OpenOffice, Blender, 0 A.D., Mozilla Firefox, etc.
Low-level system components: System daemons:
systemd, runit, logind, networkd, soundd, ... 		Windowing system:
X11, Wayland, Mir, SurfaceFlinger (Android) 		Other libraries:
GTK+, Qt, EFL, SDL, SFML, FLTK, GNUstep, etc. 		Graphics:
Mesa, AMD Catalyst, ...
C standard library open(), exec(), sbrk(), socket(), fopen(), calloc(), ... (up to 2000 subroutines)
glibc aims to be POSIX/SUS-compatible, uClibc targets embedded systems, bionic written for Android, etc.
Kernel mode Linux stat, splice, dup, read, open, ioctl, write, mmap, close, exit, etc. (about 380 system calls)
The Linux System Call Interface (SCI, aims to be POSIX/SUS-compatible)
Process scheduling
subsystem 		IPC
subsystem 		Memory management
subsystem 		Virtual files
subsystem 		Network
subsystem
Other components: ALSA, DRI, evdev, LVM, device mapper, Linux Network Scheduler, Netfilter
Linux Security Modules: SELinux, TOMOYO, AppArmor, Smack
Hardware (CPU, main memory, data storage devices, etc.)
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