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Difference between revisions of "GNU/Linux"

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[[File:gnuandtux.jpg|thumb|GNU and Tux]]
  
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'''Linux''' at its core is a kernel, the central driving force of an operating system that allocates resources to other aspects of the system. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux Linux], along with the [https://gnu.org/ GNU system] (which is closely associated with [https://fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation]) are now collectively referred to as '''GNU/Linux''', and make up a complete operating system which is widely used today by millions across the world. To read more about the history of the GNU project and Linux, see [https://gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html this article].
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==Why use GNU/Linux?==
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The free software philosophy is about an open and shared operating system which not only free as in money, but free as in freedom. The GNU/Linux system gives users more control over their computing experience than competing operating systems such as Windows, which could contain malicious features to them without the user's knowledge.
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==What's all this about distributions?==
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There are a lot of GNU/Linux distributions, also known as distros.
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Most distros are at least somewhat similar with each other. The main differences are between the [[init system]], [[package manager]] (and the repositories it has access to), [[GNU/Linux_Ricing#Desktop_Environments|desktop environment]], and default configurations. Most distros have their own little niche. Some are FSF compatible (or almost), for ricing, for getting shit done or just because you hate yourself or just love pain ([[Arch]]/[[Gentoo]]).
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Always at least try another distro before saying that you hate it. You will find that all of them have their own qualities. [http://distrowatch.com/ Distrowatch] is a great place to find out more.
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== Recommended distributions ==
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[[File:gnulinuxchoiceguide.jpg|thumb|Choosing a Distro]]
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A small list of /g/ recommended distributions are found below. To get a list of the most popular distributions, you can check the site http://distrowatch.com/ which keeps a ranking of distributions in terms of popularity.
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===Easy to use and install===
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==== Debian-based ====
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[http://origamios.oo3.co/ Origamo OS]
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[http://crunchbang.org/ CrunchBang #!]
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[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors Ubuntu Flavors]
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===== Ubuntu-based =====
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[http://elementaryos.org ElementaryOS]
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==== RHEL-based ====
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[[Fedora]] - [https://fedoraproject.org/ Fedora Project]
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[https://centos.org/ CentOS Project] (Open RedHat)
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==== Independent ====
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[[openSUSE]] - [https://www.opensuse.org/en/ openSUSE Website]
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[http://www.maui-project.org/ Maui Project]
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===Highly customizable ([[ricing]])===
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[[Gentoo]] - [https://www.gentoo.org/ Gentoo Linux Website]  (The unofficial /g/ distro)
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[[Funtoo]] - [http://www.funtoo.org/Welcome Funtoo Linux Homepage] (Directly compatible fork of Gentoo maintained by Gentoo's former chief architect, Daniel Robbins. Includes various features and improvements.)
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[[Debian|Debian GNU+Linux]] - [https://www.debian.org/ Debian Website], [http://live.debian.net/ Debian Live ISOs]
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[[Arch]] - [https://www.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux Website]
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=====Easy installation=====
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[https://crunchbang.org/ CrunchBang #!] ([[Debian]] pre-riced)
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[http://linuxbbq.org/ LinuxBBQ] ([[Debian]] for ricers)
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[[Arch#Forks|ArchBang]] - [http://archbang.org/ ArchBang] (Arch+OpenBox)
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[[Arch#Forks|Manjaro]] - [http://manjaro.org/ Manjaro Linux] (Arch made easy)
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[http://sabayon.org/ Sabayon Linux] ([[Gentoo]] for beginners)
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===Free as in [[Freedom]]===
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[[Richard Stallman|GNU]] - [https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros List of GNU/Linux-Libre distros]
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[http://www.dragora.org/ Dragora GNU/Linux] (Build from scratch on Freedom)
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===Security===
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[http://pentoo.ch Pentoo]
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[http://www.blackarch.org/ BlackArch]
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[http://www.kali.org/ Kali Linux]
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== Not recommended ==
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'''Linux Mint''' is a distribution made without regard for software freedom or even open-source. Some distributions will offer to install closed-source drivers to get your hardware to work; Mint automatically installs any closed-source program its developers believe might be useful. The numerous closed-source browser plugins Mint ships with are a serious security risk, and (with the possible exception of Flash) largely obsolete on the modern web. This OS is mostly for beginners.
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'''Ubuntu''' is a distro made without regard for software freedom. The removal of Gnome with the heavy Unity UI may be enough to scare users away. As well as that, the search tool built into their OS is linked to Amazon, which may make or break people who care about their software freedom. This OS is mostly for beginners.
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==GNU/Linux Naming Controversy==
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The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute regarding whether or not to refer to the operating system commonly known as Linux as GNU/Linux. GNU/Linux was a term originally created by the Free Software Foundation to refer to the combination of the GNU corelibs and the Linux Kernel, which they argued to form a functioning operating system. The Free Software Foundation recommends the term GNU/Linux because it argues the GNU project was part of a project to develop an operating system, from which the kernel was the last piece to complete (see GNU HURD). The Free Software Foundation suggests that the inclusion of the term GNU in the operating system’s name would recognize their contribution and their free software ideals ("Free Software as a Social Movement". ZNet.). Richard M. Stallman writes:
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''Today tens of millions of users are using an operating system that was developed so they could have freedom—but they don't know this, because they think the system is Linux and that it was developed by a student 'just for fun'.''
 +
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On the opposite side of the argument, Linux supporters argue that the contribution of the Free Software Foundation is minimal (for example, GNU components make up only 8% of Ubuntu). Eric S. Raymond writes:
 +
 +
''Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance.''
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Linux proponents also argue that since the operating system is often referred to as Linux by the mainstream media and most users, that it should be used as such, as opposed to GNU/Linux.
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==How to make a bootable USB drive==
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As an alternative to installing a GNU/Linux system from a CD, you are also able to install from a USB instead. Creating a bootable installation USB drive using the following steps should work with modern BIOS and UEFI.
 +
 +
*First, locate your USB drive using the command ''lsblk''. You should see the path for your USB drive, for example: /dev/sdb1. Through running this command, you should also see the size of the USB drive so you can be sure you are running your commands to the correct storage device.
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*Next, use the command ''dd'' as root.
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The ''dd'' command has the following usage (where ''if'' is the source and ''of'' is the target):
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<code>
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dd if=/path/to/disc/image of=/path/to/usb/drive
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</code>
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An example of using the ''dd'' command could be:
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<code>
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dd if=/home/moot/Downloads/ubuntu12.04.iso of=/dev/sdc1
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</code>
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*Last, wait patiently until the command has executed.
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==Let's Learn About GNU/Linux==
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'''Books'''
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[http://www.kumanov.com/dox/Linux_UNIX_Ebooks/LPIC%201%20Certification%20Bible%20-%20%5BHungry%20Minds%5D.pdf LPI-1 Certification Bible]
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[http://linux-training.be/files/books/html/fun/index.html Linux Fundamentals]
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'''Videos'''
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[http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/8741813/CBT_Nuggets_-_Linux_in_the_Real_World CBT Nuggets - Linux In The Real World (Torrent)]
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[http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/8867798/CBT_Nuggets_-_LPI_Linux_LPIC-1_101_and_CompTIA_Linux_ CBT Nuggets - LPI-1_101 (Torrent)]
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[http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/8867794/CBT_Nuggets_-_LPI_Linux_LPIC-1_102_and_CompTIA_Linux_ CBT Nuggets - LPI-1_102 (Torrent)]
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[http://thepiratebay.se/torrent/8759146/CBT_Nuggets_-_BackTrack_and_Kali_Linux CBT Nuggets - BackTrack and Kali Linux (Torrent)]
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'''Websites'''
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[http://stallman.org/#books Richard Stallman's Writings]
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[[Category:GNU/Linux]]
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[[Category:Software]]

Revision as of 20:06, 29 January 2014

GNU and Tux

Linux at its core is a kernel, the central driving force of an operating system that allocates resources to other aspects of the system. Linux, along with the GNU system (which is closely associated with Free Software Foundation) are now collectively referred to as GNU/Linux, and make up a complete operating system which is widely used today by millions across the world. To read more about the history of the GNU project and Linux, see this article.

Why use GNU/Linux?

The free software philosophy is about an open and shared operating system which not only free as in money, but free as in freedom. The GNU/Linux system gives users more control over their computing experience than competing operating systems such as Windows, which could contain malicious features to them without the user's knowledge.

What's all this about distributions?

There are a lot of GNU/Linux distributions, also known as distros.

Most distros are at least somewhat similar with each other. The main differences are between the init system, package manager (and the repositories it has access to), desktop environment, and default configurations. Most distros have their own little niche. Some are FSF compatible (or almost), for ricing, for getting shit done or just because you hate yourself or just love pain (Arch/Gentoo). Always at least try another distro before saying that you hate it. You will find that all of them have their own qualities. Distrowatch is a great place to find out more.

Recommended distributions

Choosing a Distro

A small list of /g/ recommended distributions are found below. To get a list of the most popular distributions, you can check the site http://distrowatch.com/ which keeps a ranking of distributions in terms of popularity.

Easy to use and install

Debian-based

Origamo OS

CrunchBang #!

Ubuntu Flavors

Ubuntu-based

ElementaryOS

RHEL-based

Fedora - Fedora Project

CentOS Project (Open RedHat)

Independent

openSUSE - openSUSE Website

Maui Project

Highly customizable (ricing)

Gentoo - Gentoo Linux Website (The unofficial /g/ distro)

Funtoo - Funtoo Linux Homepage (Directly compatible fork of Gentoo maintained by Gentoo's former chief architect, Daniel Robbins. Includes various features and improvements.)

Debian GNU+Linux - Debian Website, Debian Live ISOs

Arch - Arch Linux Website

Easy installation

CrunchBang #! (Debian pre-riced)

LinuxBBQ (Debian for ricers)

ArchBang - ArchBang (Arch+OpenBox)

Manjaro - Manjaro Linux (Arch made easy)

Sabayon Linux (Gentoo for beginners)

Free as in Freedom

GNU - List of GNU/Linux-Libre distros

Dragora GNU/Linux (Build from scratch on Freedom)

Security

Pentoo

BlackArch

Kali Linux

Not recommended

Linux Mint is a distribution made without regard for software freedom or even open-source. Some distributions will offer to install closed-source drivers to get your hardware to work; Mint automatically installs any closed-source program its developers believe might be useful. The numerous closed-source browser plugins Mint ships with are a serious security risk, and (with the possible exception of Flash) largely obsolete on the modern web. This OS is mostly for beginners.

Ubuntu is a distro made without regard for software freedom. The removal of Gnome with the heavy Unity UI may be enough to scare users away. As well as that, the search tool built into their OS is linked to Amazon, which may make or break people who care about their software freedom. This OS is mostly for beginners.

GNU/Linux Naming Controversy

The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute regarding whether or not to refer to the operating system commonly known as Linux as GNU/Linux. GNU/Linux was a term originally created by the Free Software Foundation to refer to the combination of the GNU corelibs and the Linux Kernel, which they argued to form a functioning operating system. The Free Software Foundation recommends the term GNU/Linux because it argues the GNU project was part of a project to develop an operating system, from which the kernel was the last piece to complete (see GNU HURD). The Free Software Foundation suggests that the inclusion of the term GNU in the operating system’s name would recognize their contribution and their free software ideals ("Free Software as a Social Movement". ZNet.). Richard M. Stallman writes:

Today tens of millions of users are using an operating system that was developed so they could have freedom—but they don't know this, because they think the system is Linux and that it was developed by a student 'just for fun'.

On the opposite side of the argument, Linux supporters argue that the contribution of the Free Software Foundation is minimal (for example, GNU components make up only 8% of Ubuntu). Eric S. Raymond writes:

Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance.

Linux proponents also argue that since the operating system is often referred to as Linux by the mainstream media and most users, that it should be used as such, as opposed to GNU/Linux.

How to make a bootable USB drive

As an alternative to installing a GNU/Linux system from a CD, you are also able to install from a USB instead. Creating a bootable installation USB drive using the following steps should work with modern BIOS and UEFI.

  • First, locate your USB drive using the command lsblk. You should see the path for your USB drive, for example: /dev/sdb1. Through running this command, you should also see the size of the USB drive so you can be sure you are running your commands to the correct storage device.
  • Next, use the command dd as root.

The dd command has the following usage (where if is the source and of is the target):

dd if=/path/to/disc/image of=/path/to/usb/drive

An example of using the dd command could be:

dd if=/home/moot/Downloads/ubuntu12.04.iso of=/dev/sdc1

  • Last, wait patiently until the command has executed.

Let's Learn About GNU/Linux

Books

LPI-1 Certification Bible

Linux Fundamentals

Videos

CBT Nuggets - Linux In The Real World (Torrent)

CBT Nuggets - LPI-1_101 (Torrent)

CBT Nuggets - LPI-1_102 (Torrent)

CBT Nuggets - BackTrack and Kali Linux (Torrent)

Websites

Richard Stallman's Writings

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