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Difference between revisions of "Ham Radio"

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''(See also: [[Software-Defined Radio]])''
 
''(See also: [[Software-Defined Radio]])''
  
−
Ham Radio is an old hobby that has origins as far back as the late 1800's. It was formalized as a hobby in the early 20th century. It is an over-regulated piece of shit, but what isn't now a days.
+
Ham Radio is an old hobby that has origins as far back as the late 1800's. It was formalized as a hobby in the early 20th century. It is an [https://invidio.us/watch?v=BcxqNEBmNno over-regulated piece of shit], but what isn't now a days.
  
−
Ham Radio
 
 
==Testing In The US==
 
==Testing In The US==
  
Line 215: Line 214:
 
!'''Answer or Advice'''
 
!'''Answer or Advice'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAB '''
+
|'''QRA '''
−
|May I have clearance (for ...) from ... (''place'') to ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ... ?  
+
|What is the name of your vessel (''or'' station)?  
−
|You are cleared (''or'' ... is cleared) by ... from ... (''place'') to ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ...  
+
|The name of my vessel (''or'' station) is ...  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAF '''
+
|'''QRB '''
−
|Will you advise me when you are (were) at (over) ... (''place'')?  
+
|How far approximately are you from my station?  
−
|I am (was) at (over) ... (''place'') (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ...  
+
|The approximate distance between our stations is ... nautical miles (''or'' km).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAG '''
+
|'''QRC '''
 +
|By what private enterprise (''or'' state administration) are the accounts for charges for your station settled?
 +
|The accounts for charges of my station are settled by the private enterprise ... (''or'' state administration).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRD '''
 +
|Where are you bound for and where are you from?
 +
|I am bound for ... from ...
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRE '''
 +
|What is your estimated time of arrival at ... (''or'' over ...) (''place'')?
 +
|My estimated time of arrival at ... (''or'' over ...) (''place'') is ... hours.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRF '''
 +
|Are you returning to ... (''place'')?
 +
|I am returning to ... (''place''). <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Return to ... (''place'').
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRG '''
 +
|Will you tell me my exact frequency (''or'' that of ...)?
 +
|Your exact frequency (''or'' that of ...) is ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRH '''
 +
|Does my frequency vary?
 +
|Your frequency varies.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRI '''
 +
|How is the tone of my transmission?
 +
|The tone of your transmission is ...<br/> 1. good<br/> 2. variable<br/> 3. bad.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRJ '''
 +
|How many radiotelephone calls have you to book?
 +
|I have ... radiotelephone calls to book.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRK '''
 +
|What is the intelligibility of my signals (''or'' those of ...)?
 +
|The intelligibility of your signals (''or'' those of ...) is ...<br/> 1. bad<br/> 2. poor<br/> 3. fair<br/> 4. good<br/> 5. excellent.     
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRL '''
 +
|Are you busy?
 +
|I am busy (''or'' I am busy with ...). Please do not interfere.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRM '''
 +
|Are you being interfered with? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Is my transmission being interfered with? [AP14]
 +
|I am being interfered with [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Your transmission is being interfered with ... [AP14]<br/> (1. nil<br/> 2. slightly<br/> 3. moderately<br/> 4. severely<br/> 5. extremely).     
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRN '''
 +
|Are you troubled by static?
 +
|I am troubled by static<br/> (1. nil<br/> 2. slightly<br/> 3. moderately<br/> 4. severely<br/> 5. extremely).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRO '''
 +
|Shall I increase transmitter power?
 +
|Increase transmitter power.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRP '''
 +
|Shall I decrease transmitter power?
 +
|Decrease transmitter power.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRQ '''
 +
|Shall I send faster?
 +
|Send faster (... words per minute).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRR '''
 +
|Are you ready for automatic operation?
 +
|I am ready for automatic operation. Send at ... words per minute.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRS '''
 +
|Shall I send more slowly?
 +
|Send more slowly (... words per minute).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRT '''
 +
|Shall I stop sending?
 +
|Stop sending.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRU '''
 +
|Have you anything for me?
 +
|I have nothing for you.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRV '''
 +
|Are you ready?
 +
|I am ready.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRW '''
 +
|Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?
 +
|Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRX '''
 +
|When will you call me again?
 +
|I will call you again at ... hours (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRY '''
 +
|What is my turn?<br/> (''Relates to communication'').
 +
|Your turn is Number ... (''or according to any other indication'').<br/> (''Relates to communication'').
 +
|-
 +
|'''QRZ '''
 +
|Who is calling me?
 +
|You are being called by ... (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSA '''
 +
|What is the strength of my signals (''or'' those of ...)?
 +
|The strength of your signals (''or'' those of ...) is<br/> 1. scarcely perceptible<br/> 2. weak<br/> 3. fairly good<br/> 4. good<br/>  5. very good. 
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSB '''
 +
|Are my signals fading?
 +
|Your signals are fading.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSC '''
 +
|Are you a cargo vessel? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Are you a low traffic ship? [AP14]
 +
|I am a cargo vessel. [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I am a low traffic ship. [AP14]
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSD '''
 +
|Is my keying defective? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Are my signals mutilated? [AP14]
 +
|Your keying is defective. [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Your signals are mutilated. [AP14]
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSE*'''
 +
|What is the estimated drift of the survival craft?
 +
|The estimated drift of the survival craft is ... (''figures and units'').
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSF*'''
 +
|Have you effected rescue?
 +
|I have effected rescue and am proceeding to ... base (with ... persons injured requiring ambulance).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSG '''
 +
|Shall I send ... telegrams at a time?
 +
|Send ... telegrams at a time.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSH '''
 +
|Are you able to home on your direction-finding equipment?
 +
|I am able to home on my D/F equipment (on station ...).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSI '''
 
|  
 
|  
−
|Arrange your flight in order to arrive over ... (''place'') at ... hours. <br/>
+
|I have been unable to break in on your transmission. <br/>
−
''or''<br/> I am arranging my flight in order to arrive over ... (''place'') at ... hours.  
+
''or''<br/> Will you inform ... (''call sign'') that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).      
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAH '''
+
|'''QSJ '''
−
|What is your height above ... (''datum'')?  
+
|What is the charge to be collected to ... including your internal charge?
−
|I am at .... flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+
|The charge to be collected to ... including my internal charge is ... francs.
−
''or''<br/>
+
|-
−
Arrange your flight so as to reach flight level/altitude ... at ... (''hours or place'').  
+
|'''[[QSK operation (full break-in)|QSK]] '''
 +
|Can you hear me between your signals and if so can I break in on your transmission?
 +
|I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.
 +
|-
 +
|'''[[QSL card|QSL]] '''
 +
|Can you acknowledge receipt?
 +
|I am acknowledging receipt.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSM '''
 +
|Shall I repeat the last telegram which I sent you (''or'' some previous telegram)?
 +
|Repeat the last telegram which you sent me (''or'' telegram(s) number(s) ...).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSN '''
 +
|Did you hear me (''or'' ... (''call sign'')) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?
 +
|I did hear you (''or'' ... (''call sign'')) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSO '''
 +
|Can you communicate with ... direct (''or'' by relay)?
 +
|I can communicate with ... direct (''or'' by relay through ...).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSP '''
 +
|Will you relay to ... free of charge?
 +
|I will relay to ... free of charge.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSQ '''
 +
|Have you a doctor on board (''or'' is ... (''name of person'') on board)?
 +
|I have a doctor on board (''or'' ... (''name of person'') is on board).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSR '''
 +
|Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency?
 +
|Repeat your call on the calling frequency; did not hear you (''or'' have interference).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSS '''
 +
|What working frequency will you use?
 +
|I will use the working frequency ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (''in the HF bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given'').
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSU '''
 +
|Shall I send or reply on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?
 +
|Send or reply on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSV '''
 +
|Shall I send a series of Vs on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz))?
 +
|Send a series of Vs on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSW '''
 +
|Will you send on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?  
 +
|I am going to send on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSX '''
 +
|Will you listen to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Will you listen to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... ? [AP14]
 +
|I am listening to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I am listening to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... [AP14]
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSY '''
 +
|Shall I change to transmission on another frequency?
 +
|Change to transmission on another frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QSZ '''
 +
|Shall I send each word or group more than once?
 +
|Send each word or group twice (''or'' ... times).
 +
|-
 +
|'''QTA '''
 +
|Shall I cancel telegram (''or'' message) number ... ?
 +
|Cancel telegram (''or'' message) number ...  
 +
|-
 +
|'''QTB '''
 +
|Do you agree with my counting of words?
 +
|I do not agree with your counting of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.  
 +
|-
 +
|'''QTC '''
 +
|How many telegrams have you to send?
 +
|I have ... telegrams for you (''or'' for ...).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAI '''
+
|'''QTD*'''
−
|What is the essential traffic respecting my aircraft?  
+
|What has the rescue vessel or rescue aircraft recovered?  
−
|The essential traffic respecting your aircraft is ...  
+
|... (''identification'') has recovered ...<br/> 1. ... (''number'') survivors<br/> 2. wreckage<br/> 3. ... (''number'') bodies.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAK '''
+
|'''QTE '''
−
|Is there any risk of collision?  
+
|What is my TRUE bearing from you? <br/>
−
|There is risk of collision.  
+
''or''<br/> What is my TRUE bearing from ... (''call sign'')? <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> What is the TRUE bearing of ... (''call sign'') from ... (''call sign'')?    
 +
|Your TRUE bearing from me is ... degrees at ... hours. <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> Your TRUE bearing from ... (''call sign'') was ... degrees at ... hours. <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> The TRUE bearing of ... (''call sign'') from ... (''call sign'') was ... degrees        at ... hours.       
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAL '''
+
|'''QTF '''
−
|Are you going to land at ... (''place'')? <br/>
+
|Will you give me the position of my station according to the bearings taken by the direction-finding stations which you control?  
−
''or''<br/> Has aircraft ... landed at ... (''place'')?
+
|The position of your station according to the bearings taken by the D/F stations which I control was ... latitude, ... longitude (''or other indication of position''), class ... at ... hours.
−
|I am going to land at ... (''place''). <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> (You may) land at ... (''place''). <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Aircraft ... landed at ... (''place'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAM '''
+
|'''QTG '''
−
|What is the latest available meteorological observation for ... (''place'')?  
+
|Will you send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by your call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz))? <br/>
−
|Meteorological observation made at ... (''place'') at ... hours was as follows ...<br/>
+
''or''<br/> Will you request ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ...        times) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?       
−
''Note.- The information may be given in Q Code form or the METAR form.''  
+
|I am going to send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by my call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)). <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I have requested ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed  by his call sign (repeated ...        times) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).       
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAN '''
+
|'''QTH '''
−
|What is the surface wind direction and speed at ... (''place'')?  
+
|What is your position in latitude and longitude (''or according to any other indication'')?  
−
|The surface wind direction and speed at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''direction'') ... (''speed'').  
+
|My position is ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAO '''
+
|'''QTI '''
−
|What is the wind direction in degrees TRUE and speed at ... (''position or zone/s'') at each of the ... (''figures'') ... (''units'') levels above ... (''datum'')?  
+
|What is your TRUE track? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
−
|The wind direction and speed at (''position or zone/s'') at flight level/altitude ... is:<br/> ... (vertical distance) ... degrees TRUE ... (''speed'').  
+
|My TRUE track is ... degrees. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAP '''
+
|'''QTI*'''
−
|Shall I listen for you (''or'' for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz)?  
+
|What is your TRUE course? [AP14]
−
|Listen for me (''or'' for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz).  
+
|My TRUE course is ... degrees. [AP14]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAQ '''
+
|'''QTJ*'''
−
|Am I near a prohibited, restricted or danger area?<br/>
+
|What is your speed? <br/>
−
''or''<br/> Am I near area ... (''identification of area'')?
+
(''Requests the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively'').
−
|You are ...<br/> 1) near<br/> 2) flying within area ... (''identification of area'').
+
|My speed is ... knots (''or'' ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour). <br/>
 +
(''Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively'').  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAR '''
+
|'''QTK*'''
−
|May I stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes?  
+
|What is the speed of your aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth?  
−
|You may stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes.  
+
|The speed of my aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth is ... knots (''or'' ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAU '''
+
|'''QTL*'''
−
|Where may I jettison fuel?  
+
|What is your TRUE heading?  
−
|I am about to jettison fuel.<br/>
+
|My TRUE heading is ... degrees.  
−
''or''<br/> Jettison fuel in ... (''area'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAW '''
+
|'''QTM*'''
−
|  
+
|What is your MAGNETIC heading?
−
|I am about to carry out overshoot procedure.  
+
|My MAGNETIC heading is ... degrees.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAY '''
+
|'''QTN '''
−
|Will you advise me when you pass (passed) ... (''place'') bearing 090 (270) degrees relative to your heading?  
+
|At what time did you depart from ... (''place'')?  
−
|I passed ... (''place'') bearing ... degrees relative to my heading at ... hours.  
+
|I departed from ... (''place'') at ... hours.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QAZ '''
+
|'''QTO '''
−
|Are you experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm?  
+
|Have you left dock (''or'' port)? <br/>
−
|I am experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm.  
+
''or''<br/> Are you airborne?  
 +
|I have left dock (''or'' port). <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I am airborne.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBA '''
+
|'''QTP '''
−
|What is the horizontal visibility at ... (''place'')?  
+
|Are you going to enter dock (''or'' port)? <br/>
−
|The horizontal visibility at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''distance figures and units'').  
+
''or''<br/> Are you going to alight (''or'' land)?  
 +
|I am going to enter dock (''or'' port). <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I am going to alight (''or'' land).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBB '''
+
|'''QTQ '''
−
|What is the amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud [at ... (''place'')]?  
+
|Can you communicate with my station by means of the [[International Code of Signals]] (INTERCO)?  
−
|The amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud at ... (''place'') at ... hours is:<br/> ... eights (... type) at ... (''figures and units'') height above official aerodrome elevation.  
+
|I am going to communicate with your station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBC '''
+
|'''QTR '''
−
|Report meteorological conditions as observed from your aircraft [at ... (''position or zone'')] [(at ... hours)].
+
|What is the correct time?
−
|The meteorological conditions as observed from my aircraft at ... (''position or zone'') at ... hours at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'') are ...<br/> ''Note.-The answer is required in the format of an AIREP message.''
+
|The correct time is ... hours.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBD '''
+
|'''QTS '''
−
|How much fuel have you remaining (''expressed as hours and/or minutes of consumption'')?  
+
|Will you send your call sign for tuning purposes or so that your frequency can be measured now (''or'' at ... hours) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
−
|My fuel endurance is ... (''hours and/or minutes'').  
+
''or''<br/> Will you send your call sign (''and/or'' name) for ... seconds? [AP14]
 +
|I will send my call sign for tuning purposes or so that my frequency may be measured now (''or'' at ... hours) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I will send my call sign (''and/or'' name) for ... seconds. [AP14]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBE '''
+
|'''QTT '''
 
|  
 
|  
−
|I am about to wind in my aerial.  
+
|The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QTU '''
 +
|What are the hours during which your station is open?
 +
|My station is open from ... to ... hours.
 +
|-
 +
|'''QTV '''
 +
|Shall I stand guard for you on the frequency of ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (from ... to ... hours)?
 +
|Stand guard for me on the frequency of ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (from ... to ... hours).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBF '''
+
|'''QTW*'''
−
|Are you flying in cloud?  
+
|What is the condition of survivors?  
−
|I am flying in cloud at ... flight level/altitude ... [and I am ascending (descending) to flight level/altitude ...].  
+
|Survivors are in ... condition and urgently need ...  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBG '''
+
|'''QTX '''
−
|Are you flying above cloud?
+
|Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (''or'' until ... hours)?
−
|I am flying above cloud and at flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+
|I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (''or'' until ... hours).  
−
''or''<br/> Maintain a vertical distance of ... (''figures and units'') above clouds, smoke, haze or fog levels.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBH '''
+
|'''QTY*'''
−
|Are you flying below cloud?  
+
|Are you proceeding to the position of incident and if so when do you expect to arrive?  
−
|I am flying below cloud and at flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+
|I am proceeding to the position of incident and expect to arrive at ... hours (on ... (''date'')).  
−
''or''<br/> Maintain a vertical distance of ... (''figures and units'') below cloud.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBI '''
+
|'''QTZ*'''
−
|Is flight under IFR compulsory at ... (''place'') [''or'' from ... to ... (''place'')]?  
+
|Are you continuing the search?  
−
|Flight under IFR is compulsory at ... (''place'') [''or'' from ... to ... (''place'')].  
+
|I am continuing the search for ... (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBJ '''
+
|'''QUA '''
−
|What is the amount, type and height above ... (''datum'') of the top of the cloud [at ... (''position or zone'')]?  
+
|Have you news of ... (''call sign'')?  
−
|At ... hours at ... (''position or zone'') the top of the cloud is:<br/> amount ... eights (... type) at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').  
+
|Here is news of ... (''call sign'').  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBK '''
+
|'''QUB*'''
−
|Are you flying with no cloud in your vicinity?  
+
|Can you give me in the following order information concerning: the direction in degrees TRUE and speed of the surface wind; visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at ... (''place of observation'')?  
−
|I am flying with no cloud in my vicinity and at flight level/altitude ...  
+
|Here is the information requested: ... (''The units used for speed and distances should be indicated.'')
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBM '''
+
|'''QUC '''
−
|Has ... sent any messages for me?  
+
|What is the number (''or other indication'') of the last message you received from me (''or'' from ... (''call sign''))?  
−
|Here is the message sent by ... at ... hours.  
+
|The number (''or other indication'') of the last message I received from you (''or'' from ... (''call sign'')) is ...  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBN '''
+
|'''QUD '''
−
|Are you flying between two layers of cloud?  
+
|Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'')?  
−
|I am flying between two layers of cloud and at flight level/altitude ...  
+
|I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'') at ... hours.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBO '''
+
|'''QUE '''
−
|What is the nearest aerodrome at which flight under VFR is permissible and which would be suitable for my landing?  
+
|Can you use telephony in ... (''language''), with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
−
|Flying under VFR is permissible at ... (''place'') which would be suitable for your landing.  
+
''or''<br/> Can you speak in ... (''language''), - with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP14]
 +
|I can use telephony in ... (''language'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I can speak in ... (''language'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [AP14]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBP '''
+
|'''QUF '''
−
|Are you flying in and out of cloud?  
+
|Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'')?  
−
|I am flying in and out of cloud and at flight level/altitude ...  
+
|I have received the distress signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'') at ... hours.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBS '''
+
|'''QUG '''
−
|  
+
|Will you be forced to alight (''or'' land)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
−
|Ascend (''or'' descend) to ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'') before encountering instrument meteorological conditions or if visibility falls below ... (''distance figures and units'') and advise.  
+
|I am forced to alight (''or'' land) immediately. <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> I shall be forced to alight (''or'' land) at ... (position or place) at ... hours. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 +
|-
 +
|'''QUH*'''
 +
|Will you give me the present barometric pressure at sea level?
 +
|The present barometric pressure at sea level is ... (''units'').  
 +
|-
 +
|'''QUI '''
 +
|Are your navigation lights working? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 +
|My navigation lights are working. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBT '''
+
|'''QUJ '''
−
|What is the runway visual range at ... (''place'')?  
+
|Will you indicate the TRUE track to reach you (''or'' ...)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
−
|The runway visual range at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''distance figures and units'').  
+
|The TRUE track to reach me (''or'' ...) is ... degrees at ... hours. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBV '''
+
|'''QUK '''
−
|Have you reached flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')]?
+
|Can you tell me the condition of the sea observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]  
−
|I have reached ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].<br/>
+
|The sea at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [[#AP13|[AP13]]]  
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
Report reaching flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBX '''
+
|'''QUL '''
−
|Have you left ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')]?
+
|Can you tell me the swell observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]  
−
|I have left ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].<br/>
+
|The swell at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [[#AP13|[AP13]]]  
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
Report leaving flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QBZ '''
+
|'''QUM '''
−
|Report your flying conditions in relation to clouds.
+
|May I resume normal working?
−
|''The reply to'' QBZ ? ''is given by the appropriate answer form of signals'' QBF, QBG, QBH, QBK, QBN ''and'' QBP.  
+
|Normal working may be resumed.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCA '''
+
|'''QUN '''
−
|May I change my flight level/altitude from ... to ... ?
+
|''1. When directed to all stations:'' [AP13,14]<br/>
−
|You may change your flight level/altitude from ... to ...<br/>
+
Will vessels in my immediate vicinity ... <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> (in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude) <br/>
 +
''or''<br/> (in the vicinity of ...) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? <br/>
 
''or''<br/>
 
''or''<br/>
−
I am changing my flight level/altitude from ... to ...
+
''2. When directed to a single station:'' [AP14]<br/> please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed?
 +
|My position, TRUE course and speed are ...  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCB '''
+
|'''QUO*'''
−
|  
+
|Shall I search for ...<br/> 1. aircraft<br/> 2. ship<br/> 3. survival craft<br/> in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'')?
−
|Delay is being caused by ...<br/> 1) you're transmitting out of turn.<br/> 2) your slowness in answering.<br/> 3) lack of your reply to my ...  
+
|Please search for ...<br/> 1. aircraft<br/> 2. ship<br/> 3. survival craft<br/> in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').
 +
|-
 +
|'''QUP '''
 +
|Will you indicate your position by<br/> 1. searchlight<br/> 2. black smoke trail<br/> 3. pyrotechnic lights?
 +
|My position is indicated by<br/> 1. searchlight<br/> 2. black smoke trail<br/> 3. pyrotechnic lights.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCE '''
+
|'''QUQ '''
−
|When may I expect approach clearance?  
+
|Shall I train my searchlight nearly vertical on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if your aircraft is seen, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (''or'' land) to facilitate your landing?  
−
|Expect approach clearance at ... hours.<br/>
+
|Please train your searchlight on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if my aircraft is seen or heard, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (''or'' land) to facilitate my landing. [[#AP13|[AP13]]] 
−
''or''<br/> No delay expected.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCF '''
+
|'''QUR*'''
−
|  
+
|Have survivors ...<br/> 1. received survival equipment<br/> 2. been picked up by rescue vessel<br/> 3. been reached by ground rescue<br/> party?
−
|Delay indefinite. Expect approach clearance not later than ... hours.
+
|Survivors ...<br/> 1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by ...<br/> 2. have been picked up by rescue vessel<br/> 3. have been reached by ground rescue party.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCH '''
+
|'''QUS*'''
−
|May I taxi to ... (''place'')?
+
|Have you sighted survivors or wreckage? If so, in what position?
−
|Cleared to taxi to ... (''place'').
+
|Have sighted ...<br/> 1. survivors in water<br/> 2. survivors on rafts<br/> 3. wreckage<br/> in position ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCI '''
+
|'''QUT*'''
−
|  
+
|Is position of incident marked?
−
|Make a 360-degree turn immediately (turning to the ...).<br/>
+
|Position of incident is marked by ...<br/> 1. flame or smoke float<br/> 2. sea marker<br/> 3. sea marker dye<br/> 4. ... (''specify other marking'').  
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
I am making a 360-degree turn immediately (turning to the ...).  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCS '''
+
|'''QUU*'''
−
|  
+
|Shall I home ship or aircraft to my position?
−
|My reception on ... frequency has broken down.  
+
|Home ship or aircraft ... (''call sign'') ...<br/> 1. to your position by transmitting your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)<br/> 2. by transmitting on ... kHz (''or'' MHz) TRUE track to reach you.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCX '''
+
|'''QUW*'''
−
|What is your full call sign?  
+
|Are you in the search area designated as ... (''designator or latitude and longitude'')?  
−
|My full call sign is ... <br/>
+
|I am in the ... (''designation'') search area.  
−
''or''<br/> Use your full call sign until further notice.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QCY '''
+
|'''QUX '''
−
|  
+
|Do you have any navigational warnings or gale warnings in force? [AP14]
−
|I am working on a trailing aerial.<br/>
+
|I have the following navigational warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force: ... [AP14]
−
''or''<br/> Work on a trailing aerial.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDB '''
+
|'''QUY*'''
−
|Have you sent message ... to ... ?
+
|Is position of survival craft marked?
−
|I have sent message ... to ...  
+
|Position of survival craft was marked at ... hours by ...<br/> 1. flame or smoke float<br/> 2. sea marker<br/> 3. sea marker dye<br/> 4. ... (''specify other marking'').  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDF '''
+
|'''QUZ '''
−
|What is your D-Value at ... (''position'')? <br/>
+
|May I resume restricted working? [AP14]
−
''or''<br/> What is the D-Value at ... (''place or position'') (at ... hours) for the ... millibar level?
+
|Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed. [AP14]
−
|My D-Value at ... (''position'') at ... (''figures and units'') height above the 1013.2 millibars datum is ... (''D-Value figures and units'') ... (''specify plus or minus'').<br/>
+
|}
−
''or''<br/>
+
 
−
The D-Value at ... (''place or position'') at ... hours for the ... millibar level is (''D-Value figures and units'') ... (''specify plus or minus'').<br/> ''Note.- When the true altitude (radio altitude) is greater than the pressure altitude '''PS''' (Plus) is used and when it is less '''MS''' (Minus) is used.''
+
 
 +
These codes are specific to the Amateur Radio hobby
 +
 
 +
{{anchor | amateur_radio }}
 +
{| class="wikitable" summary="Most common Q codes used in the amateur radio service"
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDL '''
+
! Code !! Question !! Answer or Statement
−
|Do you intend to ask me for a series of bearings?
 
−
|I intend to ask you for a series of bearings.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDM '''
+
| QLE || What is your expected signal? || The expected signal is low...  
−
|Will you indicate the MAGNETIC heading for me to steer towards you (''or'' ...) with no wind?  
 
−
|The MAGNETIC heading for you to steer to reach me (''or'' ...) with no wind was ... degrees (at ... hours).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDP '''
+
| QNI || May I join the net? || You may check in...  
−
|Will you accept control (''or'' responsibility) of (for) ... now (''or'' at ... hours)?  
 
−
|I will accept control (''or'' responsibility) of (for) ... now (''or'' at ... hours).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDR '''
+
| QRA || What is the name (or call sign) of your station? || The name (or call sign) of my station is ...  
−
|What is my MAGNETIC bearing from you (''or'' from ...)?  
 
−
|Your MAGNETIC bearing from me (''or'' from ...) was ... degrees (at ... hours).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDT '''
+
| QRG || Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)? || Your exact frequency (or that of ... ) is ... kHz (or MHz).
−
|Are you flying in visual meteorological condition?  
 
−
|I am flying in visual meteorological condition.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
You are cleared subject to maintaining own separation and visual meteorological conditions.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDU '''
+
| QRH || Does my frequency vary? || Your frequency varies.  
−
|  
 
−
|Cancelling my IFR flight.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
IFR flight cancelled at ... (''time'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QDV '''
+
| QRI || How is the tone of my transmission? || The tone of your transmission is (1. Good; 2. Variable; 3. Bad)
−
|Are you flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (''figures and units'')?  
 
−
|I am flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (''figures and units'') at flight level/altitude ...
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEA '''
+
| QRJ || How many voice contacts do you want to make? || I want to make ... voice contacts.
−
|May I cross the runway ahead of me?  
 
−
|You may cross the runway ahead of you.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEB '''
+
| QRK || What is the readability of my signals (or those of ...)? || The readability of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
−
|May I turn at the intersection?  
 
−
|Taxi as follows at the intersection ...<br/> (straight ahead DRT<br/> turn left LEFT<br/> turn right RITE).  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEC '''
+
| QRL || Are you busy? || I am busy. (or I am busy with ... ) Please do not interfere.
−
|May I make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway?  
 
−
|You may make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QED '''
+
| QRM || Do you have interference? [from other stations] || I have interference.
−
|Shall I follow the pilot vehicle?  
 
−
|Follow the pilot vehicle.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEF '''
+
| QRN || Are you troubled by static? || I am troubled by static.
−
|Have I reached my parking area? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Have you reached your parking area?  
 
−
|You have reached your parking area.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I have reached my parking area.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEG '''
+
| QRO || Shall I increase power? || Increase power.
−
|May I leave the parking area? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Have you left the parking area?
 
−
|You may leave the parking area.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I have left the parking area.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEH '''
+
| [[QRP operation|QRP]] || Shall I decrease power? || Decrease power.
−
|May I move to the holding position for runway number ... ? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Have you moved to the holding position for runway number ... ?
 
−
|Cleared to the holding position for runway number ... <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I have moved to the holding position for runway number ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEJ '''
+
| QRQ || Shall I send faster? || Send faster (... wpm)
−
|May I assume position for take-off? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Have you assumed position for take-off?
 
−
|Cleared to hold at take-off position for runway number ... <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I am assuming take-off position for runway number ... and am holding.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEK '''
+
| QRS || Shall I send more slowly? || Send more slowly (... wpm)
−
|Are you ready for immediate take-off?  
 
−
|I am ready for immediate take-off.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEL '''
+
| QRT || Shall I cease or suspend operation?/ shutoff the radio  || I am suspending operation. /shutting off the radio
−
|May I take-off (and make a ... hand turn after take-off)?  
 
−
|You are cleared to take-off (turn as follows after take-off ...).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEM '''
+
| QRU || Have you anything for me? || I have nothing for you.
−
|What is the condition of the landing surface at ... (''place'')?  
 
−
|The condition of the landing surface at ... (''place'') is ... <br/>
 
−
''Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEN '''
+
| QRV || Are you ready? || I am ready.
−
|Shall I hold my position?  
 
−
|Hold your position
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QEO '''
+
| QRW || Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)? || Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
−
|Shall I clear the runway (''or'' landing area)? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Have you cleared the runway (''or'' landing area)?  
 
−
|Clear the runway (''or'' landing area).<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I have cleared the runway (''or'' landing area).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QES '''
+
| QRX || Shall I standby / When will you call me again?  || Please standby / I will call you again at ... (hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)  
−
|Is a right-hand circuit in force at ... (''place'')?
 
−
|A right-hand circuit is in force at ... (''place'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFA '''
+
| QRZ || Who is calling me?  || You are being called by ... on ... kHz (or MHz)
−
|What is the meteorological forecast for ... (''flight, route, section of route or zone'') for the period ... hours until ... hours?
 
−
|The meteorological forecast for ... (''flight, route, section of route or zone'') for the period ... hours until ... hours is ...
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFB '''
+
| QSA || What is the strength of my signals (or those of ... )?  || The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
−
|  
 
−
|The ...<br/> 1) approach<br/> 2) runway<br/> 3) approach and runway<br/> lights are out of order.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFC '''
+
| QSB || Are my signals fading? || Your signals are fading.
−
|What is the amount, the type and the height above ... (''datum'') of the base of the cloud at ... (''place, position or zone'')?  
 
−
|At ... (''place, position or zone'') the base of the cloud is ... eighths ... type at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFD '''
+
| QSD || Is my keying defective? || Your keying is defective.
−
|1) Is the ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] in operation?<br/> 2) Will you switch on the ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')]?<br/> 3) Will you extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] until I have landed?
 
−
|1) The ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] is in operation<br/> 2) I will extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] until your landing is completed.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFE '''
+
| QSG || Shall I send ... telegrams (messages) at a time? || Send ... telegrams (messages) at a time.  
−
|What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its height above the reference elevation being used?
 
−
|If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its height above aerodrome elevation (above threshold, runway number ...).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFF '''
+
| [[QSK operation (full break-in)|QSK]] || Can you hear me between your signals? || I can hear you between my signals.
−
|[At ... (''place'')] what is the present atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice?  
 
−
|At ... (''place'') the atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice is (''or'' was determined at ... hours to be) ... millibars.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFG '''
+
| [[QSL card|QSL]] || Can you acknowledge receipt? || I am acknowledging receipt.
−
|Am I overhead?  
 
−
|You are overhead.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFH '''
+
| QSM || Shall I repeat the last telegram (message) which I sent you, or some previous telegram (message)? || Repeat the last telegram (message) which you sent me (or telegram(s) (message(s)) numbers(s) ...).
−
|May I descend below the clouds?  
 
−
|You may descend below the clouds.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFI '''
+
| QSN || Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on .. kHz (or MHz)? || I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
−
|Are the aerodrome lights lit?  
 
−
|The aerodrome lights are lit. <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Please light the aerodrome lights.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFL '''
+
| [[Contact (amateur radio)|QSO]] || Can you communicate with ... direct or by relay? || I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
−
|Will you send up pyrotechnical lights?  
 
−
|I will send up pyrotechnical lights.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFM '''
+
| QSP || Will you relay a message to ...? || I will relay a message to ... .
−
|What flight level/altitude ... <br/> 1) should I maintain?<br/> 2) are you maintaining?<br/> 3) do you intend cruising at?
 
−
|...<br/>
 
−
1) Maintain (''or'' fly at) flight level/altitude ...<br/> 2) I am maintaining flight level/altitude ... <br/> 3) I intend cruising at flight level/altitude ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFO '''
+
| QSR || Do you want me to repeat my call? || Please repeat your call; I did not hear you.
−
|May I land immediately?  
 
−
|You may land immediately.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFP '''
+
| QSS || What working frequency will you use? || I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz).
−
|Will you give me the latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (''place'')]?  
 
−
|The latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (''place'')] is as follows ... <br/>
 
−
''Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFQ '''
+
| QST || – || Here is a broadcast message to all amateurs.
−
|Are the approach and runway lights lit?
 
−
|The approach and runway lights are lit. <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Please light the approach and runway lights.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFR '''
+
| QSU || Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? || Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
−
|Does my landing gear appear damaged?  
 
−
|Your landing gear appears damaged.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFS '''
+
| QSW || Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? || I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).  
−
|Is the radio facility at ... (''place'') in operation?  
 
−
|The radio facility at ... (''place'') is in operation (''or'' will be in operation in ... hours).<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
Please have the ... radio facility at ... (''place'') put in operation.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFT '''
+
| QSX || Will you listen to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))? || I am listening to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))  
−
|Between what heights above ... (''datum'') has ice formation been observed [at ... (''position or zone'')]?  
 
−
|Ice formation has been observed at ... (''position or zone'') in the type of ... and with an accretion rate of ... between ... (''figures and units'') and ... (''figures and units'') heights above ... (''datum'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFU '''
+
| QSY || Shall I change to transmission on another frequency? || Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
−
|What is the magnetic direction (''or'' number) of the runway to be used?  
 
−
|The magnetic direction (''or'' number) of the runway to be used is ...<br/>
 
−
''Note.- The runway number is indicated by a two-figure group and the magnetic direction by a three-figure group.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFV '''
+
| QSZ || Shall I send each word or group more than once? || Send each word or group twice (or ... times).  
−
|Are the floodlights switched on?  
 
−
|The floodlights are switched on.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Please switch on the floodlights.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFW '''
+
| QTA || Shall I cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent?  || Cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent.
−
|What is the length of the runway in use in ... (''units'')?
 
−
|The length of runway ... now in use is ... (''figures and units'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFX '''
+
| QTC || How many telegrams (messages) have you to send?  || I have ... telegrams (messages) for you (or for ...).
−
|  
 
−
|I am working (''or'' am going to work) on a fixed aerial.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Work on a fixed aerial.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFY '''
+
| QTH || What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)?  || My position is ... latitude...longitude
−
|Please report the present meteorological landing conditions [at ... (''place'')].
 
−
|The present meteorological landing conditions at ... (''place'') are ...<br/> ''Note.- When given in Q Code the information is sent in the following sequence: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB, QNH and/or QFE and, if necessary, QMU, QNT, QBJ.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QFZ '''
+
| QTR || What is the correct time? || The correct time is ... hours
−
|What is the aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (''place'') for the period ... hours until ... hours?  
 
−
|The aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (''place'') for the period ... hours until ... hours is ...<br/> ''Note.- When given in Q Code the following sequence of Q signal answer (or advice) forms is to be used: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB and, if necessary, QMU, QNT and QBJ.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGC '''
+
| QTU || At what times are you operating? || I am operating from ... to ... hours.
−
|  
 
−
|There are obstructions to the ... of ... runway ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGD '''
+
| QTX || Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)? || I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).  
−
|Are there on my track any obstructions whose elevation equals or exceeds my altitude?
 
−
|There are obstructions on your track ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGE '''
+
| QUA || Have you news of ... (call sign)? || Here is news of ... (call sign).  
−
|What is my distance to your station (''or'' to ...)?  
 
−
|Your distance to my station (''or'' to ...) is ... (''distance figures and units'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGH '''
+
| QUC || What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))? || The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
−
|May I land using ... (''procedure or facility'')?  
 
−
|You may land using ... (''procedure or facility'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGK '''
+
| QUD || Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? || I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
−
|What track should I make good? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> What track are you making good?
 
−
|Make good a track from ... (''place'') on ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic''). <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I am making good a track from ... (''place'') on ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGL '''
+
| QUE || Can you speak in ... (language), – with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? || I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz).
−
|May I enter the ... (''control area or zone'') at ... (''place'')?  
 
−
|You may enter the ... (''control area or zone'') at ... (''place'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGM '''
+
| QUF || Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? || I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
−
|  
+
|}
−
|Leave the ... (''control area or zone'').
+
 
 +
Notes for response to radiotelegraph Q-codes: Responses to a radiotelegraph Q-code query or a Q-code assertion may vary depending upon the code. For Q-code assertions or queries which only need to be acknowledged as received, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "R" for "Roger" which means "Received correctly". Sending an "R" merely means the code has been correctly received and does not necessarily mean that the receiving operator has taken any other action. For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the affirmative, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "C" (Sounds like the Spanish word "Si"). For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the negative, the usual practice it to respond with the letter "N" for "no". For those Q-code assertions that merely need to be acknowledged as understood, the usual practice is to respond with the [[prosigns for Morse code|prosign]] <code>SN</code> or <code>VE</code> which means "understood".  On telegraph cable networks "KK" was often used at the end of a reply to a Q Code to mean "OK" or "Acknowledged". This practice predates amateur radio as telegraph operators in the late 19th Century are known to have used it.
 +
 
 +
==Radiograms==
 +
To ease congestion on the line, the ARRL has made numbered radiograms to summarize direct messages to other users. These also are primarily used on CW transmissions. Other services, including the US Military, and the police, have their own Radiogram systems that are incompatible with this. The ARRL has other forms of radiograms, but the numbered system is the most common. An example of this in practice would be saying CALLSIGN CALL CALLSIGN2 ARRL SIXTY TWO CHRISTMAS. These are what are more commonly known as "Brevity Codes"
 +
 
 +
<!-- From wikipedia -->
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
!Codeword
 +
!Expansion
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGN '''
+
| colspan="2" |Group One—For Possible Relief Emergency Use
−
|May I be cleared to land [at ... (''place'')]?
 
−
|You are cleared to land [at ... (''place'')].
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGO '''
+
|ONE
−
|  
+
|Everyone safe here. Please don't worry.
−
|Landing is prohibited at ... (''place'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGP '''
+
|TWO
−
|What is my number for landing?
+
|Coming home as soon as possible.
−
|You are number ... to land.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGQ '''
+
|THREE
−
|May I hold at ... (''place'')?
+
|Am in _____ hospital. Receiving excellent care and recovering fine.
−
|Hold at ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ... (''datum'') and await further clearance.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGT '''
+
|FOUR
−
|  
+
|Only slight property damage here. Do not be concerned about disaster reports.
−
|Fly for ... minutes on a heading what will enable you to maintain a track reciprocal to your present one.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGU '''
+
|FIVE
−
|  
+
|Am moving to new location. Send no further mail or communication. Will inform you of new address when relocated.
−
|Fly for ... minutes on a magnetic heading of ... degrees.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGV '''
+
|SIX
−
|Do you see me?<br/>
+
|Will contact you as soon as possible.
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
Can you see the aerodrome? <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Can you see ... (''aircraft'')?
 
−
|I see you at ... (''cardinal or quadrantal point of direction''). <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I can see the aerodrome.<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I can see ... (aircraft).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGW '''
+
|SEVEN
−
|Does my landing gear appear to be down and in place?
+
|Please reply by Amateur Radio through the amateur delivering this message. This is a free public service.  
−
|Your landing gear appears to be down and in place.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QGZ '''
+
|EIGHT
−
|  
+
|Need additional _____ mobile or portable equipment for immediate emergency use.  
−
|Hold on ... direction of ... facility.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHE '''
+
|NINE
−
|Will you inform me when you are on ... leg of approach?
+
|Additional _____ radio operators needed to assist with emergency at this location.  
−
|I am on ...<br/> 1) cross-wind leg<br/> 2) down-wind leg<br/> 3) base leg<br/> 4) final leg<br/> ... of approach.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHG '''
+
|TEN
−
|May I enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ...?
+
|Please contact _____. Advise to standby and provide further emergency information, instructions or assistance.  
−
|Cleared to enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHH '''
+
|ELEVEN
−
|Are you making an emergency landing?
+
|Establish Amateur Radio emergency communications with _____ on _____ MHz.  
−
|I am making an emergency landing. <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> Emergency landing being made at ... (''place''). All aircraft below flight level/altitude ... and within a distance of ... (''figures and units'') leave ... (''place or headings'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHI '''
+
|TWELVE
−
|Are you (''or'' is ...) ...<br/> 1) waterborne?<br/> 2) on land?
+
|Anxious to hear from you. No word in some time. Please contact me as soon as possible.  
−
|I am (''or'' ... is) ...<br/> 1) waterborne<br/> 2) on land<br/>
 
−
at ... hours.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHQ '''
+
|THIRTEEN
−
|May I make a ... approach [at ... (''place'')]? <br/>
+
|Medical emergency situation exists here.  
−
''or''<br/> Are you making a ... approach?
 
−
|You may make a ... approach [at ... (''place'')]. <br/>
 
−
''or''<br/> I am making a ... approach.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QHZ '''
+
|FOURTEEN
−
|Shall I circle the aerodrome (''or'' go around)?
+
|Situation here becoming critical. Losses and damage from _____ increasing.  
−
|Circle the aerodrome (''or'' go around).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QIC '''
+
|FIFTEEN
−
|May I establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.) now (''or'' at ... hours)?
+
|Please advise your condition and what help is needed.  
−
|Establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz. (''or'' MHz.) now (''or'' at ...hours).<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
I will establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz) now (''or'' at ... hours).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QIF '''
+
|SIXTEEN
−
|What frequency is ... using?
+
|Property damage very severe in this area.  
−
|... is using ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.).  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJA '''
+
|SEVENTEEN
−
|Is my ...<br/> 1) tape<br/> 2) mark and space<br/> reversed?
+
|REACT communications services also available. Establish REACT communication with _____ on channel _____.  
−
|Your ...<br/> 1) tape<br/> 2) mark and space<br/> is reversed.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJB '''
+
|EIGHTEEN
−
|Will you use ...<br/> 1) radio?<br/> 2) cable?<br/> 3) telegraph?<br/> 4) teletypewriter?<br/> 5) telephone?<br/> 6) receiver?<br/> 7) transmitter?<br/> 8) reperforator?       
+
|Please contact me as soon as possible at _______.  
−
|I will use ...<br/> 1) radio.<br/> 2) cable.<br/> 3) telegraph.<br/> 4) teletypewriter.<br/> 5) telephone.<br/> 6) receiver.<br/> 7) transmitter.<br/> 8) reperforator.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJC '''
+
|NINETEEN
−
|Will you check your ...<br/> 1) transmitter distributor?<br/> 2) auto-head?<br/> 3) perforator?<br/> 4) reperforator?<br/> 5) printer?<br/> 6) printer motor?<br/> 7) keyboard?<br/> 8) antenna system? 
+
|Request health and welfare report on _____. (State name, address and telephone number.)  
−
|I will check my ...<br/> 1) transmitter distributor.<br/> 2) auto-head.<br/> 3) perforator.<br/> 4) reperforator.<br/> 5) printer.<br/> 6) printer motor.<br/> 7) keyboard.<br/> 8) antenna system.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJD '''
+
|TWENTY
−
|Am I transmitting ...<br/> 1) in letters?<br/> 2) in figures?
+
|Temporarily stranded. Will need some assistance. Please contact me at _____.  
−
|You are transmitting ...<br/> 1) in letters<br/> 2) in figures.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJE '''
+
|TWENTY ONE
−
|Is my frequency shift ...<br/> 1) too wide?<br/> 2) too narrow?<br/> 3) correct?
+
|Search and Rescue assistance is needed by local authorities here. Advise availability.  
−
|Your frequency shift is ...<br/> 1) too wide.<br/> 2) too narrow (by ... cycles).<br/> 3) correct.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJF '''
+
|TWENTY TWO
−
|  
+
|Need accurate information on the extent and type of conditions now existing at your location. Please furnish this information and reply without delay.  
−
|My signal as checked by monitor ... is satisfactory ...<br/> 1) locally.<br/> 2) as radiated.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJG '''
+
|TWENTY THREE
−
|Shall I revert to automatic relay?
+
|Report at once the accessibility and best way to reach your location.  
−
|Revert to automatic relay.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJH '''
+
|TWENTY FOUR
−
|Shall I run ...<br/> 1) my test tape?<br/> 2) a test sentence?
+
|Evacuation of residents from this area urgently needed. Advise plans for help.  
−
|Run ...<br/> 1) your test tape.<br/> 2) a test sentence.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJI '''
+
|TWENTY FIVE
−
|Will you transmit a continuous ...<br/> 1) mark?<br/> 2) space?
+
|Furnish as soon as possible the weather conditions at your location.  
−
|I am transmitting a continuous...<br/> 1) mark.<br/> 2) space.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QJK '''
+
|TWENTY SIX
−
|Are you receiving ...<br/> 1) a continuous mark?<br/> 2) a continuous space?<br/> 3) a mark bias?<br/> 4) a space bias?
+
|Help and care for evacuation of sick and injured from this location needed at once.
−
|I am receiving ...<br/> 1) a continuous mark.<br/> 2) a continuous space.<br/> 3) a mark bias.<br/> 4) a space bias.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKC '''
+
| colspan="2" |Group Two—Routine Messages
−
|  
 
−
|The sea conditions (at ... position) ...<br/> 1) permit alighting but not take-off.<br/> 2) render alighting extremely hazardous.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKF '''
+
|FORTY SIX
−
|May I be relieved (at ... hours)?
+
|Greetings on your birthday and best wishes for many more to come.
−
|You may expect to be relieved at ... hours [by ... <br/> 1) aircraft ... (''identification'') (type ...)<br/> 2) vessel whose call sign is ... (''call sign'') {''and/or'' whose name is ... (''name'')}].  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKG '''
+
|FORTY SEVEN
−
|Will relief take place when ... (''identification'') establishes ...<br/> 1) visual,<br/> 2) communications,<br/> contact with survivors?
+
|Reference your message number _____ to _____ delivered on _____ at _____ UTC.
−
|Relief will take place when ... (''identification'') establishes ...<br/> 1) visual,<br/> 2) communications,<br/> contact with survivors.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKH '''
+
|FIFTY
−
|Report details of the parallel sweep (track) search being (''or'' to be) conducted?<br/>
+
|Greetings by Amateur Radio.  
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
In the parallel sweep (track) search being (''or'' to be) conducted, what is (are) ... <br/>
 
−
1) the direction of sweeps,<br/>
 
−
2) the separation between sweeps,<br/>
 
−
3) the flight level/altitude ... employed in the search pattern?
 
−
|The parallel sweep (track) search is being (''or'' to be) conducted ...<br/>
 
−
1) with direction of sweeps ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic'').<br/>
 
−
2) with ... (''distance figures and units'') separation between sweeps.<br/>
 
−
3) at flight level/altitude ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKN '''
+
|FIFTY ONE
−
|  
+
|Greetings by Amateur Radio. This message is sent as a free public service by ham radio operators at _______. Am having a wonderful time.
−
|Aircraft plotted (believed to be you) in position ... on track ... degrees at ... hours.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKO '''
+
|FIFTY TWO
−
|What other units are (''or'' will be) taking part in the operation [... (''identification of operation'')]?
+
|Really enjoyed being with you. Looking forward to getting together again.  
−
|In the operation [... (''identification'')], the following units are (''or'' will be) taking part ... (''name of units'').<br/>
 
−
''or''<br/>
 
−
... (''name'') unit is taking part in operation [... (''identification''] (with effect from ... hours).
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QKP '''
+
|FIFTY THREE
−
|Which pattern of search is being followed?
+
|Received your _______. It's appreciated; many thanks.  
−
|The search pattern is ...<br/> 1) parallel sweep.<br/> 2) square search.<br/> 3) creeping line ahead.<br/> 4) track crawl.<br/> 5) contour search.<br/> 6) combined search by aircraft and ship.<br/> 7) ... (''specify'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QLB '''
+
|FIFTY FOUR
−
|Will you monitor ... station and report regarding range, quality, etc.?
+
|Many thanks for your good wishes.  
−
|I have monitored ... station and report (''briefly'') as follows ...  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QLH '''
+
|FIFTY FIVE
−
|Will you use simultaneous keying on ... frequency and ... frequency?
+
|Good news is always welcome. Very delighted to hear about yours.  
−
|I will now key simultaneously on ... frequency and ... frequency.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QLV '''
+
|FIFTY SIX
−
|Is the ... radio facility still required?
+
|Congratulations on your _______, a most worthy and deserved achievement.  
−
|The ... radio facility is still required.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMH '''
+
|FIFTY SEVEN
−
|  
+
|Wish we could be together
−
|Shift to transmit and receive on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.); if communication is not established within 5 minutes, revert to present frequency.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMI '''
+
|FIFTY EIGHT
−
|Report the vertical distribution of cloud [at ... (''position or zone'')] as observed from your aircraft.
+
|Have a wonderful time. Let us know when you return.  
−
|The vertical distribution of cloud as observed from my aircraft at ... hours at ... (''position or zone'') is :<br/>
 
−
lowest layer observed* ... eights (... type) with base of ... (''figures and units'') and tops of ... (''figures and units'')<br/>
 
−
[''*and similarly in sequence for each of the layers observed.'']<br/>
 
−
height above ... (''datum'').
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMU '''
+
|FIFTY NINE
−
|What is the surface temperature at ... (''place'') and what is the dew point temperature at that place?
+
|Congratulations on the new arrival. Hope mother and child are well.  
−
|The surface temperature at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... degrees and the dew point temperature at that time and place is ... degrees.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMW '''
+
|SIXTY
−
|At ... (''position or zone'') what is (are) the flight level(s)/altitude(s) ... of the zero Celsius isotherm(s)?
+
|Wishing you the best of everything on _______.  
−
|At ... (''position or zone'') the zero Celsius isotherm(s) is (are) at flight level(s)/altitude(s) ...
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMX '''
+
|SIXTY ONE
−
|What is the air temperature [at ... (''position or zone'')] (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ...?
+
|Wishing you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.  
−
|At ... (''position or zone'') at ... hours the air temperature is ... (''degrees and units'') at flight level/altitude ... <br/>
 
−
''Note.- Aircraft reporting QMX information will transmit the temperature figures as corrected for airspeed.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QMZ '''
+
|SIXTY TWO
−
|Have you any amendments to the flight forecast in respect of section of route yet to be traversed?
+
|Greetings and best wishes to you for a pleasant _______ holiday season.  
−
|The following amendment(s) should be made to the flight forecast ... <br/>
 
−
[''If no amendments, signal QMZ NIL'']
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNE '''
+
|SIXTY THREE
−
|What indication will my altimeter give on landing at ... (''place'') at ... hours, my sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches)?
+
|Victory or defeat, our best wishes are with you. Hope you win.  
−
|On landing at ... (''place'') at ... hours, with your sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches), your altimeter will indicate ... (''figures and units'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNH '''
+
|SIXTY FOUR
−
|What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its elevation if my aircraft were on the ground at your station?
+
|Arrived safely at _______.  
−
|If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its elevation if your aircraft were on the ground at my station at ... hours.<br/>
 
−
''Note.- When the setting is given in hundredths of inch the abbreviation INS is used to identify the units.''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNI '''
+
|SIXTY FIVE
−
|Between what heights above ... (''datum'') has turbulence been observed at ... (''position or zone'')?
+
|Arriving _______ on _______. Please arrange to meet me there.  
−
|Turbulence has been observed at ... (''position or zone'') with an intensity of ... between ... (''figures and units'') and ... (''figures and units'') heights above ... (''datum'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNO '''
+
|SIXTY SIX
−
|  
+
|DX QSLs are on hand for you at the _______ QSL Bureau. Send _______ self addressed envelopes.  
−
|I am not equipped to give the information (''or'' provide the facility) requested.  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNR '''
+
|SIXTY SEVEN
−
|  
+
|Your message number _______ undeliverable because of _______. Please advise.  
−
|I am approaching my point of no return.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNT '''
+
|SIXTY EIGHT
−
|What is the maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (''place'')?
+
|Sorry to hear you are ill. Best wishes for a speedy recovery.
−
|The maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''speed figures and units'').  
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''QNY '''
+
|SIXTY NINE
−
|What is the present weather and the intensity thereof at ... (''place, position or zone'')?
+
|Welcome to the _______. We are glad to have you with us and hope you will enjoy the fun and fellowship of the organization.
−
|The present weather and intensity thereof at ... (''place, position or zone'') at ... hours is ...<br/>
+
|}
−
''Notes:<br/>
+
 
−
a) When present weather information is transmitted by a ground station, the abbreviations shall be selected from those specified in Annex 3, paragraph 4.8.2.<br/>
+
==Morse Code==
−
b) When present weather information is transmitted by an aircraft, the information shall be selected from items 10 to 12 of the AIREP form.''
+
[[File:International Morse Code.svg.png|right|thumb|315px|Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals.<ref name='itu-r'/>]]
−
|}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Q-codes|url=http://www.kloth.net/radio/qcodes.php}}</ref>
+
Morse Code, also known as Continuous Wave (or CW) was once required for passing your test. It now is no longer required, but a good skill to have. Morse Code is easier to learn than you'd think. Each letter and number actually [https://invidio.us/watch?v=fwXkSJkR0Z0 is based in the shape of the character]. Learning this way is known as the Mnemonic method.
 +
 
 +
A person with satisfactory understanding has a WPM of about 30, while more advanced operators can have upwards to 90-110 WPM. Once you are an advanced user, you will no longer hear dits and das but you will hear the words as its own language.
  
 
==Lightning Protection==
 
==Lightning Protection==

Revision as of 06:36, 8 June 2019

(See also: Software-Defined Radio)

Ham Radio is an old hobby that has origins as far back as the late 1800's. It was formalized as a hobby in the early 20th century. It is an over-regulated piece of shit, but what isn't now a days.

Testing In The US

Element 2 Technician 35 out of 426 questions from this pool

Frequencies 80m 40m 15m 10m 6m 2m 1.25m 70cm 33cm 23cm

Element 3 General 35 out of 462 questions from this pool

Frequencies 2200m 630m 160m 80m 60m 40m 30m 20m 17m
15m 12m 10m 6m 2m 1.25m 70cm 33cm 23cm

Element 4 Amateur Extra 50 out of 712 questions from this pool

Frequencies 2200m 630m 160m 80m 60m 40m 30m 20m 17m
15m 12m 10m 6m 2m 1.25m 70cm 33cm 23cm

Find Testing Locations In The US

Get Your FCC Registration Number

You will need either an FCC Registration or Social Security number in order to take the exam. It is not necessary to register beforehand with the FCC, but it will speed things along if you bring the paperwork.

FCC License Data Search

For a fee of $15 USD you may take one or all three tests in one sitting at no additional charge. If you fail a test, you may spend an additional $15 USD to retake it. Your license is good for 10 years with a 2 year grace period to retest after expiration. You are no longer required to know Morse code for any of these tests.

FCC Part 97 The US Amateur Rulebook

Maths You Should Know

Ohm's Law

Solve For Watts Amp2 x Ohm Volt2 / Ohm Volt x Amp
Solve For Volts Amp x Ohm √Watt x Ohm Watt / Amp
Solve For Amps Volt / Ohm Watt / Volt √Watt / Ohm
Solve For Ohms Volt2 / Watt Volt / Amp Watt / Amp2

Speed of Light Is a Constant 299,792,458 Meters Per Second

Wavelength is represented in Meters as λ

Frequency is represented in Mega Hertz as f

Speed of Light c (300MM) / Frequency f (MHz) = Wavelength λ (Meters)

This is the basic formula to find full wavelength in meters for a given frequency.

Antennas

Loop Antennas are full wavelength with one element.

c/f=λ Element Length

Dipoles are half wave with two elements.

c/f/2 = λ/2 Element Lengths

Ground Planes must be at least quarter wave with one vertical and four radial elements.

c/f/4 = λ Vertical Element Length

c/f/4 = λ Radial Element Lengths

3 Element Yagi Yagis are directional antennas consisting of a boom with reflector, driven, and director elements.

c/f = λ*.495 = Reflector Element Length

c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length

c/f = λ*.473 = Driven Element Length

c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length

c/f = λ*.440 = Director Element Length

Polarization

Ionosphere

Electrical Components

ITU Radio Bands

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF
3 to 30 kHz 30 to 300 kHz 300 to 3 MHz 3 to 30 MHz 30 to 300 MHz 300 to 3 GHz 3 to 30 GHz

Feedline

RG6 is common and cheap, but higher resistance at 75 Ohms. You should not use this.

RG58 is cheap, 50 Ohms, and perfectly acceptable for HF.

RG8X is slightly more expensive than RG58, but lower loss.

RG213 is double the price of RG58 and RG8X, but lower attenuation at higher frequencies.

RG8U is almost identical to RG213 in price and attenuation, but has lower loss per 100ft.

LMR400 is exceptional at higher frequencies as well as low. If your software radio can do 1GHz-6GHz, this is what you get.

Transceiver Type

Q Code

A Q Code is a shorthand for Ham Radio. It was formalized in the Morse Code days.

These are the standardized, modern Q Codes recognized internationally.

Question ? Answer or Advice
QRA What is the name of your vessel (or station)? The name of my vessel (or station) is ...
QRB How far approximately are you from my station? The approximate distance between our stations is ... nautical miles (or km).
QRC By what private enterprise (or state administration) are the accounts for charges for your station settled? The accounts for charges of my station are settled by the private enterprise ... (or state administration).
QRD Where are you bound for and where are you from? I am bound for ... from ...
QRE What is your estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place)? My estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place) is ... hours.
QRF Are you returning to ... (place)? I am returning to ... (place).

or
Return to ... (place).

QRG Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)? Your exact frequency (or that of ...) is ... kHz (or MHz).
QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.
QRI How is the tone of my transmission? The tone of your transmission is ...
1. good
2. variable
3. bad.
QRJ How many radiotelephone calls have you to book? I have ... radiotelephone calls to book.
QRK What is the intelligibility of my signals (or those of ...)? The intelligibility of your signals (or those of ...) is ...
1. bad
2. poor
3. fair
4. good
5. excellent.
QRL Are you busy? I am busy (or I am busy with ...). Please do not interfere.
QRM Are you being interfered with? [AP13]

or
Is my transmission being interfered with? [AP14]

I am being interfered with [AP13]

or
Your transmission is being interfered with ... [AP14]
(1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely).

QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static
(1. nil
2. slightly
3. moderately
4. severely
5. extremely).
QRO Shall I increase transmitter power? Increase transmitter power.
QRP Shall I decrease transmitter power? Decrease transmitter power.
QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster (... words per minute).
QRR Are you ready for automatic operation? I am ready for automatic operation. Send at ... words per minute.
QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly (... words per minute).
QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending.
QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.
QRV Are you ready? I am ready.
QRW Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)? Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at ... hours (on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QRY What is my turn?
(Relates to communication). 		Your turn is Number ... (or according to any other indication).
(Relates to communication).
QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by ... (on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSA What is the strength of my signals (or those of ...)? The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is
1. scarcely perceptible
2. weak
3. fairly good
4. good
5. very good.
QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.
QSC Are you a cargo vessel? [AP13]

or
Are you a low traffic ship? [AP14]

I am a cargo vessel. [AP13]

or
I am a low traffic ship. [AP14]

QSD Is my keying defective? [AP13]

or
Are my signals mutilated? [AP14]

Your keying is defective. [AP13]

or
Your signals are mutilated. [AP14]

QSE* What is the estimated drift of the survival craft? The estimated drift of the survival craft is ... (figures and units).
QSF* Have you effected rescue? I have effected rescue and am proceeding to ... base (with ... persons injured requiring ambulance).
QSG Shall I send ... telegrams at a time? Send ... telegrams at a time.
QSH Are you able to home on your direction-finding equipment? I am able to home on my D/F equipment (on station ...).
QSI I have been unable to break in on your transmission.

or
Will you inform ... (call sign) that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on ... kHz (or MHz)).

QSJ What is the charge to be collected to ... including your internal charge? The charge to be collected to ... including my internal charge is ... francs.
QSK Can you hear me between your signals and if so can I break in on your transmission? I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.
QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.
QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram which I sent you (or some previous telegram)? Repeat the last telegram which you sent me (or telegram(s) number(s) ...).
QSN Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz)? I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QSO Can you communicate with ... direct (or by relay)? I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
QSP Will you relay to ... free of charge? I will relay to ... free of charge.
QSQ Have you a doctor on board (or is ... (name of person) on board)? I have a doctor on board (or ... (name of person) is on board).
QSR Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency? Repeat your call on the calling frequency; did not hear you (or have interference).
QSS What working frequency will you use? I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz) (in the HF bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given).
QSU Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)? Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
QSV Shall I send a series of Vs on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? Send a series of Vs on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSW Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)? I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
QSX Will you listen to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz)? [AP13]

or
Will you listen to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... ? [AP14]

I am listening to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13]

or
I am listening to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... [AP14]

QSY Shall I change to transmission on another frequency? Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSZ Shall I send each word or group more than once? Send each word or group twice (or ... times).
QTA Shall I cancel telegram (or message) number ... ? Cancel telegram (or message) number ...
QTB Do you agree with my counting of words? I do not agree with your counting of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.
QTC How many telegrams have you to send? I have ... telegrams for you (or for ...).
QTD* What has the rescue vessel or rescue aircraft recovered? ... (identification) has recovered ...
1. ... (number) survivors
2. wreckage
3. ... (number) bodies.
QTE What is my TRUE bearing from you?

or
What is my TRUE bearing from ... (call sign)?
or
What is the TRUE bearing of ... (call sign) from ... (call sign)?

Your TRUE bearing from me is ... degrees at ... hours.

or
Your TRUE bearing from ... (call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours.
or
The TRUE bearing of ... (call sign) from ... (call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours.

QTF Will you give me the position of my station according to the bearings taken by the direction-finding stations which you control? The position of your station according to the bearings taken by the D/F stations which I control was ... latitude, ... longitude (or other indication of position), class ... at ... hours.
QTG Will you send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by your call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (or MHz))?

or
Will you request ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz)?

I am going to send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by my call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (or MHz)).

or
I have requested ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz).

QTH What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)? My position is ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QTI What is your TRUE track? [AP13] My TRUE track is ... degrees. [AP13]
QTI* What is your TRUE course? [AP14] My TRUE course is ... degrees. [AP14]
QTJ* What is your speed?

(Requests the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively).

My speed is ... knots (or ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).

(Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively).

QTK* What is the speed of your aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth? The speed of my aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth is ... knots (or ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).
QTL* What is your TRUE heading? My TRUE heading is ... degrees.
QTM* What is your MAGNETIC heading? My MAGNETIC heading is ... degrees.
QTN At what time did you depart from ... (place)? I departed from ... (place) at ... hours.
QTO Have you left dock (or port)?

or
Are you airborne?

I have left dock (or port).

or
I am airborne.

QTP Are you going to enter dock (or port)?

or
Are you going to alight (or land)?

I am going to enter dock (or port).

or
I am going to alight (or land).

QTQ Can you communicate with my station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO)? I am going to communicate with your station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO).
QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ... hours.
QTS Will you send your call sign for tuning purposes or so that your frequency can be measured now (or at ... hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)? [AP13]

or
Will you send your call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds? [AP14]

I will send my call sign for tuning purposes or so that my frequency may be measured now (or at ... hours) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13]

or
I will send my call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds. [AP14]

QTT The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.
QTU What are the hours during which your station is open? My station is open from ... to ... hours.
QTV Shall I stand guard for you on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours)? Stand guard for me on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours).
QTW* What is the condition of survivors? Survivors are in ... condition and urgently need ...
QTX Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)? I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).
QTY* Are you proceeding to the position of incident and if so when do you expect to arrive? I am proceeding to the position of incident and expect to arrive at ... hours (on ... (date)).
QTZ* Are you continuing the search? I am continuing the search for ... (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).
QUA Have you news of ... (call sign)? Here is news of ... (call sign).
QUB* Can you give me in the following order information concerning: the direction in degrees TRUE and speed of the surface wind; visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at ... (place of observation)? Here is the information requested: ... (The units used for speed and distances should be indicated.)
QUC What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))? The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
QUD Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUE Can you use telephony in ... (language), with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP13]

or
Can you speak in ... (language), - with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP14]

I can use telephony in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13]

or
I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP14]

QUF Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUG Will you be forced to alight (or land)? [AP13] I am forced to alight (or land) immediately.

or
I shall be forced to alight (or land) at ... (position or place) at ... hours. [AP13]

QUH* Will you give me the present barometric pressure at sea level? The present barometric pressure at sea level is ... (units).
QUI Are your navigation lights working? [AP13] My navigation lights are working. [AP13]
QUJ Will you indicate the TRUE track to reach you (or ...)? [AP13] The TRUE track to reach me (or ...) is ... degrees at ... hours. [AP13]
QUK Can you tell me the condition of the sea observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [AP13] The sea at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [AP13]
QUL Can you tell me the swell observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [AP13] The swell at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [AP13]
QUM May I resume normal working? Normal working may be resumed.
QUN 1. When directed to all stations: [AP13,14]

Will vessels in my immediate vicinity ...
or
(in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude)
or
(in the vicinity of ...) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed?
or
2. When directed to a single station: [AP14]
please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed?

My position, TRUE course and speed are ...
QUO* Shall I search for ...
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication)? 		Please search for ...
1. aircraft
2. ship
3. survival craft
in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QUP Will you indicate your position by
1. searchlight
2. black smoke trail
3. pyrotechnic lights? 		My position is indicated by
1. searchlight
2. black smoke trail
3. pyrotechnic lights.
QUQ Shall I train my searchlight nearly vertical on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if your aircraft is seen, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (or land) to facilitate your landing? Please train your searchlight on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if my aircraft is seen or heard, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (or land) to facilitate my landing. [AP13]
QUR* Have survivors ...
1. received survival equipment
2. been picked up by rescue vessel
3. been reached by ground rescue
party? 		Survivors ...
1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by ...
2. have been picked up by rescue vessel
3. have been reached by ground rescue party.
QUS* Have you sighted survivors or wreckage? If so, in what position? Have sighted ...
1. survivors in water
2. survivors on rafts
3. wreckage
in position ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QUT* Is position of incident marked? Position of incident is marked by ...
1. flame or smoke float
2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
4. ... (specify other marking).
QUU* Shall I home ship or aircraft to my position? Home ship or aircraft ... (call sign) ...
1. to your position by transmitting your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (or MHz)
2. by transmitting on ... kHz (or MHz) TRUE track to reach you.
QUW* Are you in the search area designated as ... (designator or latitude and longitude)? I am in the ... (designation) search area.
QUX Do you have any navigational warnings or gale warnings in force? [AP14] I have the following navigational warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force: ... [AP14]
QUY* Is position of survival craft marked? Position of survival craft was marked at ... hours by ...
1. flame or smoke float
2. sea marker
3. sea marker dye
4. ... (specify other marking).
QUZ May I resume restricted working? [AP14] Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed. [AP14]


These codes are specific to the Amateur Radio hobby

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Code Question Answer or Statement
QLE What is your expected signal? The expected signal is low...
QNI May I join the net? You may check in...
QRA What is the name (or call sign) of your station? The name (or call sign) of my station is ...
QRG Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)? Your exact frequency (or that of ... ) is ... kHz (or MHz).
QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies.
QRI How is the tone of my transmission? The tone of your transmission is (1. Good; 2. Variable; 3. Bad)
QRJ How many voice contacts do you want to make? I want to make ... voice contacts.
QRK What is the readability of my signals (or those of ...)? The readability of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
QRL Are you busy? I am busy. (or I am busy with ... ) Please do not interfere.
QRM Do you have interference? [from other stations] I have interference.
QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static.
QRO Shall I increase power? Increase power.
QRP Shall I decrease power? Decrease power.
QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster (... wpm)
QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly (... wpm)
QRT Shall I cease or suspend operation?/ shutoff the radio I am suspending operation. /shutting off the radio
QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.
QRV Are you ready? I am ready.
QRW Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)? Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
QRX Shall I standby / When will you call me again? Please standby / I will call you again at ... (hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)
QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by ... on ... kHz (or MHz)
QSA What is the strength of my signals (or those of ... )? The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.
QSD Is my keying defective? Your keying is defective.
QSG Shall I send ... telegrams (messages) at a time? Send ... telegrams (messages) at a time.
QSK Can you hear me between your signals? I can hear you between my signals.
QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am acknowledging receipt.
QSM Shall I repeat the last telegram (message) which I sent you, or some previous telegram (message)? Repeat the last telegram (message) which you sent me (or telegram(s) (message(s)) numbers(s) ...).
QSN Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on .. kHz (or MHz)? I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QSO Can you communicate with ... direct or by relay? I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
QSP Will you relay a message to ...? I will relay a message to ... .
QSR Do you want me to repeat my call? Please repeat your call; I did not hear you.
QSS What working frequency will you use? I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz).
QST – Here is a broadcast message to all amateurs.
QSU Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSW Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSX Will you listen to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))? I am listening to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))
QSY Shall I change to transmission on another frequency? Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSZ Shall I send each word or group more than once? Send each word or group twice (or ... times).
QTA Shall I cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent? Cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent.
QTC How many telegrams (messages) have you to send? I have ... telegrams (messages) for you (or for ...).
QTH What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)? My position is ... latitude...longitude
QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ... hours
QTU At what times are you operating? I am operating from ... to ... hours.
QTX Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)? I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).
QUA Have you news of ... (call sign)? Here is news of ... (call sign).
QUC What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))? The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
QUD Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUE Can you speak in ... (language), – with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QUF Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.

Notes for response to radiotelegraph Q-codes: Responses to a radiotelegraph Q-code query or a Q-code assertion may vary depending upon the code. For Q-code assertions or queries which only need to be acknowledged as received, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "R" for "Roger" which means "Received correctly". Sending an "R" merely means the code has been correctly received and does not necessarily mean that the receiving operator has taken any other action. For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the affirmative, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "C" (Sounds like the Spanish word "Si"). For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the negative, the usual practice it to respond with the letter "N" for "no". For those Q-code assertions that merely need to be acknowledged as understood, the usual practice is to respond with the prosign SN or VE which means "understood". On telegraph cable networks "KK" was often used at the end of a reply to a Q Code to mean "OK" or "Acknowledged". This practice predates amateur radio as telegraph operators in the late 19th Century are known to have used it.

Radiograms

To ease congestion on the line, the ARRL has made numbered radiograms to summarize direct messages to other users. These also are primarily used on CW transmissions. Other services, including the US Military, and the police, have their own Radiogram systems that are incompatible with this. The ARRL has other forms of radiograms, but the numbered system is the most common. An example of this in practice would be saying CALLSIGN CALL CALLSIGN2 ARRL SIXTY TWO CHRISTMAS. These are what are more commonly known as "Brevity Codes"

Codeword Expansion
Group One—For Possible Relief Emergency Use
ONE Everyone safe here. Please don't worry.
TWO Coming home as soon as possible.
THREE Am in _____ hospital. Receiving excellent care and recovering fine.
FOUR Only slight property damage here. Do not be concerned about disaster reports.
FIVE Am moving to new location. Send no further mail or communication. Will inform you of new address when relocated.
SIX Will contact you as soon as possible.
SEVEN Please reply by Amateur Radio through the amateur delivering this message. This is a free public service.
EIGHT Need additional _____ mobile or portable equipment for immediate emergency use.
NINE Additional _____ radio operators needed to assist with emergency at this location.
TEN Please contact _____. Advise to standby and provide further emergency information, instructions or assistance.
ELEVEN Establish Amateur Radio emergency communications with _____ on _____ MHz.
TWELVE Anxious to hear from you. No word in some time. Please contact me as soon as possible.
THIRTEEN Medical emergency situation exists here.
FOURTEEN Situation here becoming critical. Losses and damage from _____ increasing.
FIFTEEN Please advise your condition and what help is needed.
SIXTEEN Property damage very severe in this area.
SEVENTEEN REACT communications services also available. Establish REACT communication with _____ on channel _____.
EIGHTEEN Please contact me as soon as possible at _______.
NINETEEN Request health and welfare report on _____. (State name, address and telephone number.)
TWENTY Temporarily stranded. Will need some assistance. Please contact me at _____.
TWENTY ONE Search and Rescue assistance is needed by local authorities here. Advise availability.
TWENTY TWO Need accurate information on the extent and type of conditions now existing at your location. Please furnish this information and reply without delay.
TWENTY THREE Report at once the accessibility and best way to reach your location.
TWENTY FOUR Evacuation of residents from this area urgently needed. Advise plans for help.
TWENTY FIVE Furnish as soon as possible the weather conditions at your location.
TWENTY SIX Help and care for evacuation of sick and injured from this location needed at once.
Group Two—Routine Messages
FORTY SIX Greetings on your birthday and best wishes for many more to come.
FORTY SEVEN Reference your message number _____ to _____ delivered on _____ at _____ UTC.
FIFTY Greetings by Amateur Radio.
FIFTY ONE Greetings by Amateur Radio. This message is sent as a free public service by ham radio operators at _______. Am having a wonderful time.
FIFTY TWO Really enjoyed being with you. Looking forward to getting together again.
FIFTY THREE Received your _______. It's appreciated; many thanks.
FIFTY FOUR Many thanks for your good wishes.
FIFTY FIVE Good news is always welcome. Very delighted to hear about yours.
FIFTY SIX Congratulations on your _______, a most worthy and deserved achievement.
FIFTY SEVEN Wish we could be together
FIFTY EIGHT Have a wonderful time. Let us know when you return.
FIFTY NINE Congratulations on the new arrival. Hope mother and child are well.
SIXTY Wishing you the best of everything on _______.
SIXTY ONE Wishing you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
SIXTY TWO Greetings and best wishes to you for a pleasant _______ holiday season.
SIXTY THREE Victory or defeat, our best wishes are with you. Hope you win.
SIXTY FOUR Arrived safely at _______.
SIXTY FIVE Arriving _______ on _______. Please arrange to meet me there.
SIXTY SIX DX QSLs are on hand for you at the _______ QSL Bureau. Send _______ self addressed envelopes.
SIXTY SEVEN Your message number _______ undeliverable because of _______. Please advise.
SIXTY EIGHT Sorry to hear you are ill. Best wishes for a speedy recovery.
SIXTY NINE Welcome to the _______. We are glad to have you with us and hope you will enjoy the fun and fellowship of the organization.

Morse Code

Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals.<ref name='itu-r'/>

Morse Code, also known as Continuous Wave (or CW) was once required for passing your test. It now is no longer required, but a good skill to have. Morse Code is easier to learn than you'd think. Each letter and number actually is based in the shape of the character. Learning this way is known as the Mnemonic method.

A person with satisfactory understanding has a WPM of about 30, while more advanced operators can have upwards to 90-110 WPM. Once you are an advanced user, you will no longer hear dits and das but you will hear the words as its own language.

Lightning Protection

If your antenna is outdoors, you should take precaution to prevent yourself and your gear from becoming dead. Metal antenna mounts should be grounded using 10 gauge insulated solid core copper wire. Your coax should have a lightning arrestor between the antenna and your equipment. The arrestor should be mounted near the lightning rod it's grounded to. To prevent moisture ingress, the arrestor and coax connectors should be placed in a plastic electrical box. If you have a wire dipole antenna, you should use ceramic insulators at both ends and guy rope to tie between two points.

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