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==Baby's First GNU/Linux OS==
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[[File:ospicker.png|thumb|Pick your poison]]
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{{TOCright}}
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Being a technology board, talk of different operating systems and distributions is common. You may desire to try a new OS after reading about them. For users looking to make the switch from Windows or Mac to a Linux distribution, here are some insights about distributions in Linux, and recommendations about them.
  
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Being a technology board, talk of different operating systems and distributions is common. You may desire to try a new OS after reading about them. For users looking to make the switch from Windows or Mac to a Linux distribution, here are some recommendations.
 
 
==Installing an OS==
 
==Installing an OS==
−
It is recommended that you test out an OS in a Virtual Machine such as [[VirtualBox]] or run it from a Live CD/USB before installing it. This lets you test out the operating system without any permanant change to your system. You should also consider booting as a live CD to ensure good hardware compatability.
+
It is recommended that you test out an OS in a virtual machine such as [[VirtualBox]] or run it from a live CD/USB before installing it. This lets you test out the operating system without any permanent change to your system. You should also consider booting as a live CD to ensure good hardware compatibility.
  
 
There are detailed instructions available on installing [[Linux Mint]] in a [[VirtualBox]].
 
There are detailed instructions available on installing [[Linux Mint]] in a [[VirtualBox]].
  
−
However, if you've decided to dedicate yourself to [[GNU/Linux]] -- getting it up and running isn't as daunting as one might think. First of all: you have to figure out what distribution you want, and what architecture your CPU has, and download the corresponding ISO. '''Do''' download it with torrent, or check the checksum after it has finished downloading. It will save you a lot of hassle if you get a corrupted ISO. There are multiple tools available for creating a GNU/Linux bootable USB from this ISO, where the most common ones are [http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/ UNetBootin] if you're already running GNU/Linux, and [https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/ Win32ImageWriter] if you're on a Windows system. Boot from the USB, follow instructions. Problems? Official distribution manual, or just make a thread on /g/ once you have searched exhaustively on google.
+
However, if you've decided to dedicate yourself to [[GNU/Linux]] -- getting it up and running isn't as daunting as one might think. First of all: you have to figure out what distribution you want, and what architecture your CPU has, and download the corresponding ISO. '''Do''' download it with torrent, or check the checksum after it has finished downloading. It will save you a lot of hassle if you get a corrupted ISO. There are multiple tools available for creating a Linux bootable USB from this ISO, where the most common ones are [https://etcher.balena.io/ Etcher] if you're already running Linux, and [https://rufus.ie/en/ Rufus] if you're on a Windows system. You can also use utilities like [https://www.ventoy.net/en/index.html Ventoy] to load multiple ISOs from a single USB stick. Regardless, boot from your USB and follow the instructions. Problems? Read the official distribution manual, or just make a post on the [[/fglt/| Friendly GNU/Linux Thread]] on /g/ once you have searched exhaustively on Google.
  
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==Desktop OSes==
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==What does /g/ use?==
 +
An Arch-based distro, an FSF-approved distro or a new independent distro.
  
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If you're looking for an OS to use for daily use, try one of these. Keep in mind that 99% of your software and games will not work if you dont have the time to fiddle With wine. Most software has an equal or better FOSS replacement however. Check out [http://osalt.com osalt] for more information on open source alternatives.
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==Desktop operating systems==
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===Gentoo===
 
  
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No, really. Gentoo is actually not a bad choice at all. But if you make a thread asking for help, expect a ton of "[[Common_Trolls_and_Copypasta#Install_Gentoo|Install Gentoo]]" responses.
+
If you are looking for an OS for daily use, try one of the many distros linked below. Do keep in mind that unless you have the time to fiddle with Wine, some of your software may not work. You can however, find [https://www.opensourcealternative.to/ open source alternatives.] Games, however, tend to fare much better. You can check your game library compatibility with [https://www.protondb.com/ ProtonDB]
  
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A common misconception is that gentoo is actually very hard to install. If you have patience, a few hours to burn, and can read a manual, it's not actually hard. What is annoying is maintaining gentoo after you have it installed, and if you have a slow machine, compiling programs can be a pain in the ass. There are binary packages available in portage.
+
===dpkg-based distros===
  
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Gentoo is available at [http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/where.xml http://here.www.gentoo.org/main/en/where.xml]
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====Debian====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Debian.png|frameless|100px|link=Debian]]
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[https://www.debian.org/ debian.org]
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| valign="top" |
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[[Debian]] is great for both desktops and servers. It is the base of many distros, including Ubuntu and Mint. It's also the most popular distro that doesn't contain proprietary blobs by default. GNOME is the default desktop, but several others can be chosen during installation. It comes in three variants:
 +
*'''Stable''' - The production version that has a release cycle of two years. It is made by feature freezing testing for a few months as bugs are fixed and packages with too many bugs are removed; then the resulting system is released as stable. It is updated only if major security or usability fixes are incorporated. Much of its software will be outdated and won't get an update, but you can use backports. It is commonly used on servers.
 +
*'''Testing''' - The preview branch that will become the next stable. The packages included in this branch have had some testing in unstable, but they may not be fit for release yet. It contains newer packages than stable, but older than unstable. This branch is updated continually until it is feature frozen. It is commonly used on desktops.
 +
*'''Unstable''' - The active development version which is also called Sid. Packages are accepted without checking the distribution as a whole. This branch is usually run by developers who need the latest libraries and by those who prefer bleeding-edge software. It is not recommended unless you know what you're doing.
  
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===Ubuntu Desktop===
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After the systemd debacle in Debian, there has been a fork of Debian called [http://devuan.org/ Devuan] that aims to be minimalist, keep the Unix philosophy in mind and preserve init freedom.
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|-
 +
|}
  
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[http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop Ubuntu] is a common beginner's choice. It's easier to learn, has a fairly intuitive GUI and has a lot of support. It is based on Debian. Make sure that whatever variant you try is based off the latest LTS, 12.04.
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====Ubuntu====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Ubuntu.png|frameless|100px|link=Ubuntu]]
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[http://ubuntu.com ubuntu.com]
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| valign="top" |
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[[Ubuntu]] is a common beginner's choice. It is based on Debian, and has been using a customised version of the GNOME desktop environment since 2018 with 18.04 LTS, as Canonical has ended their investment in Unity. The distro is generally despised by /g/ and /tech/ for their Amazon integration. However, the spyware is now disabled by default since 16.04 LTS. The learning curve is one of the lowest. It has a fairly intuitive user interface and lots of support. A polished LTS (Long Term Support) version is released every two years and supported for five years with security and performance updates. Regular versions are released every six months with bleeding-edge packages, but are only supported for nine months. Its online search feature sends data to Canonical who shares it with Amazon, but it can be turned off. If you dislike Unity you may wish to try a variant of Ubuntu. There are several [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors official flavors] that are not commercially supported by Canonical. The most popular are:
  
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You may want to try a variant of Ubuntu. The most common variants are:
+
*[http://xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu] uses the XFCE desktop environment. It is a semi-lightweight variant with a somewhat spartan user interface. It uses a dock similar to the one in macOS by default.
 +
*[http://www.kubuntu.org/ Kubuntu] uses the KDE Plasma Desktop. It is much heavier on RAM, but has a nice user interface that comes with a lot of extra gadgets. Check out [https://neon.kde.org KDE neon] for the more flagship KDE support.
 +
*[http://lubuntu.me/ Lubuntu] uses the LXQt desktop environment. It is great for low power machines, due to its low memory usage. Use this if you want to save RAM.
 +
*[http://ubuntu-mate.org Ubuntu MATE] uses the MATE desktop and is perfect for those who want a user interface similar to Ubuntu versions prior to 11.04.
 +
*[https://ubuntubudgie.org Ubuntu Budgie] uses the Budgie desktop environment. It is the main DE used by the Solus GNU/Linux distribution.
  
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*You might try [http://xubuntu.org/ Xubuntu] if you want a semi-lightweight OS with a somewhat spartan user interface. Xubuntu uses the "XFCE" Desktop environment. This desktop environment uses a dock as stock, similar to that of the OSX GUI.
+
Recently, it's come to controversy over it's usage of snaps. Snaps are downloaded from the proprietary Snap Store, and Ubuntu [https://wiki.installgentoo.com/images/5/52/Snap.png forces] software like Mozilla Firefox to use these snaps; some of them also exhibit performance issues and 'bloat'.
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*If you want a less spartan and more windows-like environement,[http://www.kubuntu.org/ Kubuntu] is worth a try. It is a lot more heavy on ram, but also has a nice user interface to make up for this, with alot of extra gadets.
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|-
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*[http://lubuntu.net/ Lubuntu] is the choice for the low-power machine, due to it's low memory usage. Use this if you want to save ram. Lubuntu uses the "LXDE" Desktop environment. Users who prefer a Windows GUI may prefer this.
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|}
  
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===Linux Mint===
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====Linux Mint====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Logo_Linux_Mint.png|frameless|100px|link=Linux Mint]]
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[http://linuxmint.com/ linuxmint.com]
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| valign="top" |
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[[Linux Mint]] is based on and completely compatible with Ubuntu. The default desktop is Cinnamon, but several others are available. Mint's Cinnamon desktop is incredibly polished and user friendly. Since it is based on Ubuntu LTS, its packages are quite old, but it does not come with Snaps or Ubuntu's Amazon integration. This is a good distribution for beginners to try before something like Debian, Arch, or Gentoo.
  
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[[Linux Mint]] is a distribution based off Ubuntu. Linux Mint comes in the flavors of KDE, XFCE, Cinnamon, and MATE. Linux Mint is the next best thing to Ubuntu, it comes polished off without the integration of Amazon services.
+
On 20 February 2016, [http://www.zdnet.com/article/hacker-hundreds-were-tricked-into-installing-linux-mint-backdoor/ Mint's website was compromised and backdoors were planted in the downloads], [http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3001? the database for Linux Mint forums were also compromised.], some [https://lwn.net/Articles/676664/ have raised concerns for this, warning people not to use Linux Mint].
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
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===#! (Crunchbang)===
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====Bunsen Labs====
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[http://crunchbang.com Crunchbang] is a lightweight Debian-based distro aimed at experienced users. However, it can be used as a means of educating newer users of linux due to the intuitive nature of openbox. If you're willing to learn how to edit configuration files, you may learn a little bit of something on the way. Overall, it's user-friendly while providing convenience to more experienced users.
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:BunsenLabs.png|frameless|100px|link=BunsenLabs]]
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[https://www.bunsenlabs.org/ bunsenlabs.org]
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| valign="top" |
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[https://www.bunsenlabs.org/ Bunsen Labs] is a lightweight Debian-based distribution. It is the officially endorsed community continuation of CrunchBang since development on that project was discontinued. It is mostly aimed at experienced users, but can also be used to educate newer GNU/Linux users because of the intuitive nature of Openbox. If you're willing to learn how to edit configuration files, you may learn a little bit on the way. Overall, it's user friendly while providing convenience to more experienced users.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
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Available for download at http://crunchbang.org/download/
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===rpm-based distros===
  
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===Fedora===
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====Fedora====
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Fedora is almost as user friendly as Ubuntu. However, its repositories are not nearly as large, but you can add repositories quickly and easily. If you add RPM Fusion and livna repositories, you can have access to almost any program you will need. Fedora is available in different spins. Personally, I recommend the KDE or XFCE spins, but you can install any version and then install a new DE if you want to.
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Fedora-logo.png|frameless|100px|link=Fedora]]
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[http://getfedora.org getfedora.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[[Fedora]] is sponsored by Red Hat and aims to be cutting edge. A new version is released every six months and each version is supported for about a year. It has much newer packages than Ubuntu but it's repositories are not nearly as large because it does not allow proprietary and patented software. You can add repositories quickly and easily to fix that. If you add RPM Fusion, you can have access to almost any program you will need. Also check Fedora's [https://copr.fedoraproject.org/ COPR], they work similar to Ubuntu PPAs and are additional repositories for specific software.
  
−
Adding reposories is simple. Livna, for example:
+
Fedora is available in workstation, server, immutable and cloud flavors. GNOME is default in Fedora, but there are [https://fedoraproject.org/spins/ many spins] for other desktop environments. Netinstall is good for minimal installs because it lets you choose which packages you want and gets the latest versions. However, it is not recommended over a slow or unstable internet connection.  
−
sudo rpm -ivh http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release.rpm
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|-
−
Fedora spins are available for download here: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/
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|}
  
−
===Arch===
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====Mageia====
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Arch has excellent documentation and community support. If you like to tweak every damn little thing but don't like compiling *everything*, Arch is for you. Alternatively, you could try Archbang.
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Mageia.png|frameless|100px|link=Mageia]]
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[https://www.mageia.org/ mageia.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[https://www.mageia.org/ Mageia] is a fork of Mandriva Linux formed in September 2010 by former employees and contributors to the popular French Linux distribution. Unlike Mandriva, which is a commercial entity, the Mageia project is a community project and a non-profit organisation whose goal is to develop a free Linux-based operating system.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
Arch wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
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===pacman-based distros===
  
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Arch downloads: https://www.archlinux.org/download/
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====Arch====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arch-linux-logo.png|frameless|100px|link=Arch]]
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[http://archlinux.org archlinux.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[[Arch]] is a distribution known for its KISS policy and The Arch Way. Known for its rolling release and bleeding edge packages, it uses pacman as its package manager, which is very simple to some users. A base install of Arch Linux takes less than 800MiB of disk space. It is common for ricers to use Arch because of its minimal base installation, allowing you to choose your own packages. It is also known for its wiki, which has extensive documentation of nearly everything in GNU/Linux, and the AUR (Arch User Repositories), dubbed the biggest software repository in the world.
  
−
ArchBang: http://archbang.org/download
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You can also use its installer: archinstall. It installs Arch with no Antergos/Manjaro bloats and no hassle. See [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archinstall] on ArchWiki.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
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===Debian===
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====Manjaro====
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A great server distro. It comes in three variants: stable, testing, and sid.                                                                           - Stable lives up to its name, being the most stable. However, the packages are very outdated compared to the other two versions.
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Manjaro-logo.png|frameless|100px|link=Manjaro]]
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[https://manjaro.org manjaro.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[https://manjaro.org/ Manjaro] is a distribution based off Arch which can have access to the AUR. It is in many ways similar to Linux Mint. This distribution also focuses on user-friendliness. It claims the user will never have to use the terminal. Despite being Arch-based, Manjaro uses its own repository and holds back Arch's packages for a testing period. It comes with numerous tools pre-installed, similar to those in Linux Mint, from Steam to LibreOffice. Its default desktop environments are either XFCE or KDE, but there are also numerous others and pure window managers to choose from.
 +
Manjaro contains a great deal of software in the default installation and its maintainers are known for [https://archive.is/JeOLo asking their users to travel back in time] and [https://forum.manjaro.org/index.php?topic=21.0 totally not being fans of Nine Inch Nails].
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|-
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|}
  
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===OpenSUSE===
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====Artix====
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[http://www.opensuse.org/en/ OpenSUSE] is a commonly used distro. If you plan on only using KDE, this is a good distro for you.
 
−
===Puppy Linux===
 
−
[http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm Puppy] is a distribution aimed at being lightweight, fast, easy and portable. Puppy Linux can be run entirely from RAM. It is meant to be booted from a CD or USB as opposed to being installed. Variations such as Racy Puppy exist.
 
  
 +
Manjaro used to offer a systemd-free release which uses Gentoo's OpenRC init system. Due to complications in managing OpenRC and systemd packages in one distro, [https://forum.manjaro.org/t/manjaro-openrc-will-be-discontinued/28387 the community maintainers decided to join up] with the Arch-OpenRC project to create a new, Arch-based OpenRC distro, [https://artix-linux.github.io/ Artix Linux.]
  
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===PC-BSD===
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====InstantOS====
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Admittedly this is BSD based, rather than GNU/Linux based however it is still a very acceptable option as a first *nix os. It has a graphical package manager and supports a variety of desktop environments and Window managers, as well as FreeBSD's ZFS filesystem.
+
 
 +
[https://instantos.io/ InstantOS], the tiling wm distro.
 +
 
 +
====LARBS====
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 +
[https://larbs.xyz/ Larbs], a meta-distribution, meaning it's a set of scripts you run on a fresh install of an existing OS to give it required functionality.
 +
 
 +
===portage-based distros===
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 +
====Gentoo====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Gentoo.png|frameless|100px|link=Gentoo]]
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[http://gentoo.org gentoo.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[[Gentoo]] is actually not a bad choice at all. But if you make a thread asking for help expect a ton of "[[Common_Trolls_and_Copypasta#Install_Gentoo|Install Gentoo]]" responses. Gentoo, by itself, is not difficult to install, and only requires a few hours of patience and attention. Gentoo's documentation is well-annotated and easy to follow, allowing for a slightly less painful experience when configuring your system. Gentoo is also renowned for its extensive community support on IRC channels and forums, with one of the most helpful and knowledgeable communities out there supporting it. There are binary packages available in its Portage package manager, which can be automatically fetched by default when available by modifying a setting in make.conf.
 +
|-
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|}
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 +
====Funtoo====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Funtoo.png|frameless|100px|link=Funtoo]]
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[http://funtoo.org funtoo.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[http://funtoo.org Funtoo] is a Gentoo-based distribution that uses git to sync repositories. It can also be installed from the Gentoo LiveCD. It has specific `stage 3` optimized for different processor families.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
====Calculate Linux====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Calculate.png|frameless|100px|link=Calculate Linux]]
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[http://www.calculate-linux.org calculate-linux.org]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[http://www.calculate-linux.org Calculate Linux] is a hassle-free Gentoo-based distribution (with a proper installer) that 'just werks'. It's quite literally Gentoo with sane defaults and a few extra scripts to make your life easier. Worry not, you can still compile the kernel from scratch quite easily to remove the genkernel bloat, or even remove the calculate overlay and calculate-utils entirely, to make it 100% Gentoo.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Independent distributions===
 +
Distributions that do not fit inside a category will be added here until an appropriate category is made.
 +
 
 +
====openSUSE====
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:opensuse-logo.png|frameless|100px|link=openSUSE]]
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[https://www.opensuse.org/ opensuse.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[[openSUSE]] is a popular community supported distribution sponsored by the German-based company SUSE. It uses GNOME by default as of recently, but other desktop environments can be chosen during installation. It includes a powerful GUI program similar in functionality to a control panel called YaST. Zypper is its package manager. OpenSUSE provides two versions with different release models, Leap and Tumbleweed. OpenSUSE Leap is a long-support distribution with its core based on commercial SUSE Linux Enterprise. Major Leap versions are supported for at least 36 months, while minor versions are released around once a year. OpenSUSE Tumbleweed is a rolling release distribution which is regularly updated with stable packages. OpenSUSE hosts the Open Build Service which is a development platform that simplifies compilation of a single package for multiple distributions including Debian, RHEL, Fedora, Mandriva, Ubuntu and all SUSE versions.
 +
|-
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|}
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 +
====Alpine Linux====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:AlpineLinux.png|frameless|100px|link=AlpineLinux]]
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[http://alpinelinux.org/ alpinelinux.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[http://alpinelinux.org Alpine Linux] is a mostly GNU-free Linux distribution using musl-libc and busybox instead of your usual GNU utilities. It is primarily designed for "power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency" and, as such, uses OpenRC, as well as PaX and grsecurity patches in the default kernel. All user space binaries are compiled as position-independent executables with stack-smashing protection, more commonly known as 'hardened'.
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|-
 +
|}
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 +
====CRUX====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Cruxlogo.png|frameless|100px|link=CRUX]]
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[https://crux.nu/ crux.nu]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[https://crux.nu/ CRUX] is a lightweight distribution aimed at experienced Linux users. It uses a "keep it simple" philosophy with BSD-style init scripts and tar.gz-based package system.
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|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====NixOS====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:nixos.png|frameless|100px|link=NixOS]]
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[https://nixos.org/ nixos.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[https://nixos.org/ NixOS] is an independently developed Linux distribution that aims to improve the state of the art in system configuration management. Built on top of the Nix package manager, it uses declarative configuration and allows reliable system upgrades. Two main branches are offered: current Stable release and Unstable following latest development.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====Puppy Linux====
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{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
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| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:PuppyLinux.png|frameless|100px|link=PuppyLinux]]
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[http://puppylinux.org puppylinux.org]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[http://puppylinux.org Puppy] is a distribution aimed at being lightweight, fast, easy and portable. Puppy Linux can be run entirely from RAM. It is meant to be booted from a CD or USB as opposed to being installed. Variations such as Racy Puppy exist.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====Slackware====
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
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|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Slwr.jpg|frameless|100px|link=Slackware]]
 +
[http://slackware.com slackware.com]
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| valign="top" |
 +
[[Slackware]] is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Originally based on Softlanding Linux System, Slackware has been the basis for many other Linux distributions, most notably the first versions of SUSE Linux, and is the oldest currently being maintained. Slackware aims for design stability and simplicity and to be the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution. It makes as few modifications as possible to software packages from upstream and tries not to anticipate use cases or preclude user decisions. In contrast to most modern Linux distributions, Slackware provides no GUI installation procedure and no automatic dependency resolution of software packages. It uses plain text files and only a small set of shell scripts for configuration and administration. Without further modification it boots into a CLI environment.
 +
 
 +
There is no formal issue tracking system and no official procedure to become a code contributor or developer. The project does not maintain a public code repository. Bug reports and contributions, while being essential to the project, are managed in an informal way. All the final decisions about what is going to be included in a Slackware release strictly remain with Slackware's benevolent dictator for life, Patrick Volkerding.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
====Void Linux====
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:VoidLinux.png|frameless|100px|link=VoidLinux]]
 +
[http://voidlinux.org voidlinux.org]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[http://voidlinux.org Void Linux] is a Linux distribution utilizing the [[Package manager#xbps|xbps]] package manager. Although in some ways similar to Arch, it uses runit as its init instead of systemd or Gentoo's OpenRC. It also has the availability of an x86_64-musl port with the musl C library.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===FSF-approved distributions===
 +
 
 +
The [[Free Software Foundation]] maintains its own list of GNU/Linux distributions which are comprised entirely of free software. You can check which distributions the FSF endorses [http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.en.html here]. Note several distributions which were previously on this list (including Debian and Gentoo) have been removed for various reasons. The FSF also lists its reasons for not endorsing specific distributions [https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html here].
  
 
==Servers==
 
==Servers==
−
You may be interested in Linux as a server as opposed to a desktop. While less commonly asked about, it is still quite common.
+
{{stub}}
−
===Debian===
+
You may be interested in GNU/Linux as a server as opposed to a desktop. While less often asked about, it is still quite common.  
−
[http://www.debian.org/ Debian] is one of the best operating systems to use for a server.
+
 
−
===Ubuntu Server===
+
Many distributions have a separate server release in addition to their desktop one. The main difference is server releases usually have no desktop environment or bloat applications preinstalled. This means the initial setup might need to be done via the command line.
 +
 
 +
*[[#Debian|Debian Stable]] is one of the best operating systems to use for a server. It is not too hard to manage, but at the same time customizable enough for your server's purposes.
 +
*[[#Ubuntu|Ubuntu Server]] is based on Debian testing. While this means it does have the slight chance of being not as stable as Debian Stable, it still is a great choice for a server. Recent LTS releases have focused on providing heavy integration with Openstack, providing an out of the box turnkey solution to run an OpenStack Icehouse environment in a public, private, or hybrid cloud.
 +
*[[#Fedora|Fedora Server]] has a shorter life cycle with more up to date packages.
 +
 
 +
====Rocky Linux====
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[https://rockylinux.org/ Rocky Linux] is developed directly downstream from Red Hat Enterprise Linux source code. It is basically a free community supported version of RHEL. The project is built to be a replacement for CentOS, as a production ready replacement for RHEL. Many of the project's developers previously worked on CentOS.
 +
 
 +
Like Fedora and other RedHat backed distributions, it only has free software in its repositories by default. For more options you need to add additional repositories like GhettoForge or RPM Fusion. If you want direct binary compatibility with RHEL, consider [https://almalinux.org/ AlmaLinux] instead.
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==Security-focused==
 +
===Qubes OS===
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Qubes-logo.png|frameless|100px]]
 +
[https://qubes-os.org qubes-os.org]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[http://qubes-os.org Qubes OS] is a security-focused RPM-based distribution that aims to provide security through isolation. Virtualization is performed by Xen, and requires IOMMU/VT-d.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
Ubuntu server is based off of Debian testing. While this means it does have the slight chance of being not as stable as Debian Stable, it still is a great choice for a server OS. Recent LTS releases have focused on providing heavy integration with Openstack, providing an out of the box turnkey solution to run an OpenStack Icehouse environment in a public, private, or hybrid cloud.  
+
===Subgraph OS===
 +
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Subgraph-logo.png|frameless|100px]]
 +
[https://subgraph.com subgraph.com]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[https://subgraph.com Subgraph OS] is an operating system made by the Subgraph security company that focuses on security by encrypting the filesystem by default, creating sandboxed containers using [https://github.com/subgraph/oz OZ] (similar to [[List of recommended GNU/Linux software#Sandboxes|firejail]]) around at-risk software. The sandbox system enforces Seccomp filters, Linux Namespaces, Capabilities, and even isolates X11 using XPRA. It ships with a Linux kernel hardened with Grsecurity.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
===CentOS===
+
===Tails===
−
CentOS is a clone of RHEL, which is in turn can be thought of as a very stable version of Fedora tech support. Of course, CentOS doesn't have the same kind of tech support that RedHat offers for buying a license for RHEL, but you can probably find most help you need by searching on the internet.
+
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Tails-logo.png|frameless|100px]]
 +
[https://tails.boum.org tails.boum.org]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[https://tails.boum.org/ Tails] is a live system that aims to preserve your privacy and anonymity. It helps you to use the internet anonymously and circumvent censorship almost anywhere you go. It can be used on any computer without leaving a trace unless you explicitly ask it to. It is used by Edward Snowden.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
Mirror list for downloads: http://www.centos.org/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=30
+
===Whonix===
−
===FreeBSD===
+
{| border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:WhonixLogo.png|frameless|100px]]
 +
[https://www.whonix.org whonix.org]
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
[https://www.whonix.org/ Whonix] is based on Debian GNU/Linux and Tor with a focus on anonymity, privacy and security. It is designed to be used inside a host OS. Currently runs on Debian 12.
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
==Specialist Distros==
+
==Specialist distributions==
−
Some distros serve other purposes, such scanning for malware, data forensics, penetration testing or several other purposes.
+
Some distributions serve other purposes like scanning for malware, data forensics, penetration testing and more.
−
*[http://gparted.sourceforge.net/ GParted] - a live distro aimed at helping users partition their disks
+
*[http://gparted.sourceforge.net/ GParted] is a live distribution aimed at helping users partition their disks.
−
*[http://www.backtrack-linux.org/ Backtrack] - an Ubuntu-based distro aimed at penetration testing
+
*[http://www.ipredia.org/ iPredia] is a Debian based distribution designed for i2p users. This has many i2p applications included such as Robert torrent client and iMule.
−
*TAILS - A live system focused on [[Anoymising_Yourself|anonymous Internet surfing]]. This has [https://www.torproject.org/ Tor], I2P, and other useful tools built in and all traffic is automatically fowarded over Tor. TAILS is Debian-based and uses the GNOME DE.
+
*[http://www.kali.org/ Kali] is a Ubuntu-based distribution aimed at penetration testing.
−
*Liberté Linux - Much like TAILS, but more lightweight.
 
−
*iPredia - A debian based distro designed for i2p users. This has many i2p applications included such as Robert torrent client, and imule.
 
  
−
==Resources==
+
==External links==
−
http://distrowatch.com/
+
* http://distrowatch.com/
 +
* https://distrochooser.de/?l=2
  
 
[[Category:GNU/Linux]]
 
[[Category:GNU/Linux]]
 +
[[Category:Recommendations]]
 +
[[Category:HowTo]]
 +
[[Category:What does /g/ use?]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 29 July 2024

Pick your poison

Being a technology board, talk of different operating systems and distributions is common. You may desire to try a new OS after reading about them. For users looking to make the switch from Windows or Mac to a Linux distribution, here are some insights about distributions in Linux, and recommendations about them.

Installing an OS

It is recommended that you test out an OS in a virtual machine such as VirtualBox or run it from a live CD/USB before installing it. This lets you test out the operating system without any permanent change to your system. You should also consider booting as a live CD to ensure good hardware compatibility.

There are detailed instructions available on installing Linux Mint in a VirtualBox.

However, if you've decided to dedicate yourself to GNU/Linux -- getting it up and running isn't as daunting as one might think. First of all: you have to figure out what distribution you want, and what architecture your CPU has, and download the corresponding ISO. Do download it with torrent, or check the checksum after it has finished downloading. It will save you a lot of hassle if you get a corrupted ISO. There are multiple tools available for creating a Linux bootable USB from this ISO, where the most common ones are Etcher if you're already running Linux, and Rufus if you're on a Windows system. You can also use utilities like Ventoy to load multiple ISOs from a single USB stick. Regardless, boot from your USB and follow the instructions. Problems? Read the official distribution manual, or just make a post on the Friendly GNU/Linux Thread on /g/ once you have searched exhaustively on Google.

What does /g/ use?

An Arch-based distro, an FSF-approved distro or a new independent distro.

Desktop operating systems

If you are looking for an OS for daily use, try one of the many distros linked below. Do keep in mind that unless you have the time to fiddle with Wine, some of your software may not work. You can however, find open source alternatives. Games, however, tend to fare much better. You can check your game library compatibility with ProtonDB

dpkg-based distros

Debian

Debian.png

debian.org

Debian is great for both desktops and servers. It is the base of many distros, including Ubuntu and Mint. It's also the most popular distro that doesn't contain proprietary blobs by default. GNOME is the default desktop, but several others can be chosen during installation. It comes in three variants:

  • Stable - The production version that has a release cycle of two years. It is made by feature freezing testing for a few months as bugs are fixed and packages with too many bugs are removed; then the resulting system is released as stable. It is updated only if major security or usability fixes are incorporated. Much of its software will be outdated and won't get an update, but you can use backports. It is commonly used on servers.
  • Testing - The preview branch that will become the next stable. The packages included in this branch have had some testing in unstable, but they may not be fit for release yet. It contains newer packages than stable, but older than unstable. This branch is updated continually until it is feature frozen. It is commonly used on desktops.
  • Unstable - The active development version which is also called Sid. Packages are accepted without checking the distribution as a whole. This branch is usually run by developers who need the latest libraries and by those who prefer bleeding-edge software. It is not recommended unless you know what you're doing.

After the systemd debacle in Debian, there has been a fork of Debian called Devuan that aims to be minimalist, keep the Unix philosophy in mind and preserve init freedom.

Ubuntu

Ubuntu.png

ubuntu.com

Ubuntu is a common beginner's choice. It is based on Debian, and has been using a customised version of the GNOME desktop environment since 2018 with 18.04 LTS, as Canonical has ended their investment in Unity. The distro is generally despised by /g/ and /tech/ for their Amazon integration. However, the spyware is now disabled by default since 16.04 LTS. The learning curve is one of the lowest. It has a fairly intuitive user interface and lots of support. A polished LTS (Long Term Support) version is released every two years and supported for five years with security and performance updates. Regular versions are released every six months with bleeding-edge packages, but are only supported for nine months. Its online search feature sends data to Canonical who shares it with Amazon, but it can be turned off. If you dislike Unity you may wish to try a variant of Ubuntu. There are several official flavors that are not commercially supported by Canonical. The most popular are:

  • Xubuntu uses the XFCE desktop environment. It is a semi-lightweight variant with a somewhat spartan user interface. It uses a dock similar to the one in macOS by default.
  • Kubuntu uses the KDE Plasma Desktop. It is much heavier on RAM, but has a nice user interface that comes with a lot of extra gadgets. Check out KDE neon for the more flagship KDE support.
  • Lubuntu uses the LXQt desktop environment. It is great for low power machines, due to its low memory usage. Use this if you want to save RAM.
  • Ubuntu MATE uses the MATE desktop and is perfect for those who want a user interface similar to Ubuntu versions prior to 11.04.
  • Ubuntu Budgie uses the Budgie desktop environment. It is the main DE used by the Solus GNU/Linux distribution.

Recently, it's come to controversy over it's usage of snaps. Snaps are downloaded from the proprietary Snap Store, and Ubuntu forces software like Mozilla Firefox to use these snaps; some of them also exhibit performance issues and 'bloat'.

Linux Mint

Logo Linux Mint.png

linuxmint.com

Linux Mint is based on and completely compatible with Ubuntu. The default desktop is Cinnamon, but several others are available. Mint's Cinnamon desktop is incredibly polished and user friendly. Since it is based on Ubuntu LTS, its packages are quite old, but it does not come with Snaps or Ubuntu's Amazon integration. This is a good distribution for beginners to try before something like Debian, Arch, or Gentoo.

On 20 February 2016, Mint's website was compromised and backdoors were planted in the downloads, the database for Linux Mint forums were also compromised., some have raised concerns for this, warning people not to use Linux Mint.

Bunsen Labs

BunsenLabs.png

bunsenlabs.org

Bunsen Labs is a lightweight Debian-based distribution. It is the officially endorsed community continuation of CrunchBang since development on that project was discontinued. It is mostly aimed at experienced users, but can also be used to educate newer GNU/Linux users because of the intuitive nature of Openbox. If you're willing to learn how to edit configuration files, you may learn a little bit on the way. Overall, it's user friendly while providing convenience to more experienced users.

rpm-based distros

Fedora

Fedora-logo.png

getfedora.org

Fedora is sponsored by Red Hat and aims to be cutting edge. A new version is released every six months and each version is supported for about a year. It has much newer packages than Ubuntu but it's repositories are not nearly as large because it does not allow proprietary and patented software. You can add repositories quickly and easily to fix that. If you add RPM Fusion, you can have access to almost any program you will need. Also check Fedora's COPR, they work similar to Ubuntu PPAs and are additional repositories for specific software.

Fedora is available in workstation, server, immutable and cloud flavors. GNOME is default in Fedora, but there are many spins for other desktop environments. Netinstall is good for minimal installs because it lets you choose which packages you want and gets the latest versions. However, it is not recommended over a slow or unstable internet connection.

Mageia

Mageia.png

mageia.org

Mageia is a fork of Mandriva Linux formed in September 2010 by former employees and contributors to the popular French Linux distribution. Unlike Mandriva, which is a commercial entity, the Mageia project is a community project and a non-profit organisation whose goal is to develop a free Linux-based operating system.

pacman-based distros

Arch

Arch-linux-logo.png

archlinux.org

Arch is a distribution known for its KISS policy and The Arch Way. Known for its rolling release and bleeding edge packages, it uses pacman as its package manager, which is very simple to some users. A base install of Arch Linux takes less than 800MiB of disk space. It is common for ricers to use Arch because of its minimal base installation, allowing you to choose your own packages. It is also known for its wiki, which has extensive documentation of nearly everything in GNU/Linux, and the AUR (Arch User Repositories), dubbed the biggest software repository in the world.

You can also use its installer: archinstall. It installs Arch with no Antergos/Manjaro bloats and no hassle. See [1] on ArchWiki.

Manjaro

Manjaro-logo.png

manjaro.org

Manjaro is a distribution based off Arch which can have access to the AUR. It is in many ways similar to Linux Mint. This distribution also focuses on user-friendliness. It claims the user will never have to use the terminal. Despite being Arch-based, Manjaro uses its own repository and holds back Arch's packages for a testing period. It comes with numerous tools pre-installed, similar to those in Linux Mint, from Steam to LibreOffice. Its default desktop environments are either XFCE or KDE, but there are also numerous others and pure window managers to choose from. Manjaro contains a great deal of software in the default installation and its maintainers are known for asking their users to travel back in time and totally not being fans of Nine Inch Nails.

Artix

Manjaro used to offer a systemd-free release which uses Gentoo's OpenRC init system. Due to complications in managing OpenRC and systemd packages in one distro, the community maintainers decided to join up with the Arch-OpenRC project to create a new, Arch-based OpenRC distro, Artix Linux.

InstantOS

InstantOS, the tiling wm distro.

LARBS

Larbs, a meta-distribution, meaning it's a set of scripts you run on a fresh install of an existing OS to give it required functionality.

portage-based distros

Gentoo

Gentoo.png

gentoo.org

Gentoo is actually not a bad choice at all. But if you make a thread asking for help expect a ton of "Install Gentoo" responses. Gentoo, by itself, is not difficult to install, and only requires a few hours of patience and attention. Gentoo's documentation is well-annotated and easy to follow, allowing for a slightly less painful experience when configuring your system. Gentoo is also renowned for its extensive community support on IRC channels and forums, with one of the most helpful and knowledgeable communities out there supporting it. There are binary packages available in its Portage package manager, which can be automatically fetched by default when available by modifying a setting in make.conf.

Funtoo

Funtoo.png

funtoo.org

Funtoo is a Gentoo-based distribution that uses git to sync repositories. It can also be installed from the Gentoo LiveCD. It has specific `stage 3` optimized for different processor families.

Calculate Linux

Calculate.png

calculate-linux.org

Calculate Linux is a hassle-free Gentoo-based distribution (with a proper installer) that 'just werks'. It's quite literally Gentoo with sane defaults and a few extra scripts to make your life easier. Worry not, you can still compile the kernel from scratch quite easily to remove the genkernel bloat, or even remove the calculate overlay and calculate-utils entirely, to make it 100% Gentoo.

Independent distributions

Distributions that do not fit inside a category will be added here until an appropriate category is made.

openSUSE

Opensuse-logo.png

opensuse.org

openSUSE is a popular community supported distribution sponsored by the German-based company SUSE. It uses GNOME by default as of recently, but other desktop environments can be chosen during installation. It includes a powerful GUI program similar in functionality to a control panel called YaST. Zypper is its package manager. OpenSUSE provides two versions with different release models, Leap and Tumbleweed. OpenSUSE Leap is a long-support distribution with its core based on commercial SUSE Linux Enterprise. Major Leap versions are supported for at least 36 months, while minor versions are released around once a year. OpenSUSE Tumbleweed is a rolling release distribution which is regularly updated with stable packages. OpenSUSE hosts the Open Build Service which is a development platform that simplifies compilation of a single package for multiple distributions including Debian, RHEL, Fedora, Mandriva, Ubuntu and all SUSE versions.

Alpine Linux

AlpineLinux.png

alpinelinux.org

Alpine Linux is a mostly GNU-free Linux distribution using musl-libc and busybox instead of your usual GNU utilities. It is primarily designed for "power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency" and, as such, uses OpenRC, as well as PaX and grsecurity patches in the default kernel. All user space binaries are compiled as position-independent executables with stack-smashing protection, more commonly known as 'hardened'.

CRUX

Cruxlogo.png

crux.nu

CRUX is a lightweight distribution aimed at experienced Linux users. It uses a "keep it simple" philosophy with BSD-style init scripts and tar.gz-based package system.

NixOS

Nixos.png

nixos.org

NixOS is an independently developed Linux distribution that aims to improve the state of the art in system configuration management. Built on top of the Nix package manager, it uses declarative configuration and allows reliable system upgrades. Two main branches are offered: current Stable release and Unstable following latest development.

Puppy Linux

PuppyLinux.png

puppylinux.org

Puppy is a distribution aimed at being lightweight, fast, easy and portable. Puppy Linux can be run entirely from RAM. It is meant to be booted from a CD or USB as opposed to being installed. Variations such as Racy Puppy exist.

Slackware

Slwr.jpg

slackware.com

Slackware is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Originally based on Softlanding Linux System, Slackware has been the basis for many other Linux distributions, most notably the first versions of SUSE Linux, and is the oldest currently being maintained. Slackware aims for design stability and simplicity and to be the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution. It makes as few modifications as possible to software packages from upstream and tries not to anticipate use cases or preclude user decisions. In contrast to most modern Linux distributions, Slackware provides no GUI installation procedure and no automatic dependency resolution of software packages. It uses plain text files and only a small set of shell scripts for configuration and administration. Without further modification it boots into a CLI environment.

There is no formal issue tracking system and no official procedure to become a code contributor or developer. The project does not maintain a public code repository. Bug reports and contributions, while being essential to the project, are managed in an informal way. All the final decisions about what is going to be included in a Slackware release strictly remain with Slackware's benevolent dictator for life, Patrick Volkerding.

Void Linux

VoidLinux.png

voidlinux.org

Void Linux is a Linux distribution utilizing the xbps package manager. Although in some ways similar to Arch, it uses runit as its init instead of systemd or Gentoo's OpenRC. It also has the availability of an x86_64-musl port with the musl C library.

FSF-approved distributions

The Free Software Foundation maintains its own list of GNU/Linux distributions which are comprised entirely of free software. You can check which distributions the FSF endorses here. Note several distributions which were previously on this list (including Debian and Gentoo) have been removed for various reasons. The FSF also lists its reasons for not endorsing specific distributions here.

Servers

Installgentoo-wiki-logo-r1.png This dongle is a stub. You can help the InstallGentoo Wiki by adding more freedoms.

You may be interested in GNU/Linux as a server as opposed to a desktop. While less often asked about, it is still quite common.

Many distributions have a separate server release in addition to their desktop one. The main difference is server releases usually have no desktop environment or bloat applications preinstalled. This means the initial setup might need to be done via the command line.

  • Debian Stable is one of the best operating systems to use for a server. It is not too hard to manage, but at the same time customizable enough for your server's purposes.
  • Ubuntu Server is based on Debian testing. While this means it does have the slight chance of being not as stable as Debian Stable, it still is a great choice for a server. Recent LTS releases have focused on providing heavy integration with Openstack, providing an out of the box turnkey solution to run an OpenStack Icehouse environment in a public, private, or hybrid cloud.
  • Fedora Server has a shorter life cycle with more up to date packages.

Rocky Linux

Rocky Linux is developed directly downstream from Red Hat Enterprise Linux source code. It is basically a free community supported version of RHEL. The project is built to be a replacement for CentOS, as a production ready replacement for RHEL. Many of the project's developers previously worked on CentOS.

Like Fedora and other RedHat backed distributions, it only has free software in its repositories by default. For more options you need to add additional repositories like GhettoForge or RPM Fusion. If you want direct binary compatibility with RHEL, consider AlmaLinux instead.

Security-focused

Qubes OS

Qubes-logo.png

qubes-os.org

Qubes OS is a security-focused RPM-based distribution that aims to provide security through isolation. Virtualization is performed by Xen, and requires IOMMU/VT-d.

Subgraph OS

Subgraph-logo.png

subgraph.com

Subgraph OS is an operating system made by the Subgraph security company that focuses on security by encrypting the filesystem by default, creating sandboxed containers using OZ (similar to firejail) around at-risk software. The sandbox system enforces Seccomp filters, Linux Namespaces, Capabilities, and even isolates X11 using XPRA. It ships with a Linux kernel hardened with Grsecurity.

Tails

Tails-logo.png

tails.boum.org

Tails is a live system that aims to preserve your privacy and anonymity. It helps you to use the internet anonymously and circumvent censorship almost anywhere you go. It can be used on any computer without leaving a trace unless you explicitly ask it to. It is used by Edward Snowden.

Whonix

WhonixLogo.png

whonix.org

Whonix is based on Debian GNU/Linux and Tor with a focus on anonymity, privacy and security. It is designed to be used inside a host OS. Currently runs on Debian 12.

Specialist distributions

Some distributions serve other purposes like scanning for malware, data forensics, penetration testing and more.

  • GParted is a live distribution aimed at helping users partition their disks.
  • iPredia is a Debian based distribution designed for i2p users. This has many i2p applications included such as Robert torrent client and iMule.
  • Kali is a Ubuntu-based distribution aimed at penetration testing.

External links

Retrieved from "https://wiki.installgentoo.com/index.php?title=Babbies_First_Linux&oldid=55222"