Difference between revisions of "Ham Radio"

Revision as of 06:34, 22 March 2019

Ham Radio is an old hobby that has origins as far back as the late 1800's. It was formalized as a hobby in the early 20th century. It is an over-regulated piece of shit, but what isn't now a days.

Ham Radio

Testing In The US

Element 2 Technician 35 out of 426 questions from this pool

Frequencies	80m	40m	15m	10m	6m	2m	1.25m	70cm	33cm	23cm

Element 3 General 35 out of 462 questions from this pool

Frequencies	2200m	630m	160m	80m	60m	40m	30m	20m	17m
15m	12m	10m	6m	2m	1.25m	70cm	33cm	23cm

Element 4 Amateur Extra 50 out of 712 questions from this pool

Frequencies	2200m	630m	160m	80m	60m	40m	30m	20m	17m
15m	12m	10m	6m	2m	1.25m	70cm	33cm	23cm

Find Testing Locations In The US

Get Your FCC Registration Number

You will need either an FCC Registration or Social Security number in order to take the exam. It is not necessary to register beforehand with the FCC, but it will speed things along if you bring the paperwork.

FCC License Data Search

For a fee of $15 USD you may take one or all three tests in one sitting at no additional charge. If you fail a test, you may spend an additional $15 USD to retake it. Your license is good for 10 years with a 2 year grace period to retest after expiration. You are no longer required to know Morse code for any of these tests.

FCC Part 97 The US Amateur Rulebook

Maths You Should Know

Ohm's Law

Solve For Watts	Amp² x Ohm	Volt² / Ohm	Volt x Amp
Solve For Volts	Amp x Ohm	√Watt x Ohm	Watt / Amp
Solve For Amps	Volt / Ohm	Watt / Volt	√Watt / Ohm
Solve For Ohms	Volt² / Watt	Volt / Amp	Watt / Amp²

Speed of Light Is a Constant 299,792,458 Meters Per Second

Wavelength is represented in Meters as λ

Frequency is represented in Mega Hertz as f

Speed of Light c (300MM) / Frequency f (MHz) = Wavelength λ (Meters)

This is the basic formula to find full wavelength in meters for a given frequency.

Antennas

Loop Antennas are full wavelength with one element.

c/f=λ Element Length

Dipoles are half wave with two elements.

c/f/2 = λ/2 Element Lengths

Ground Planes must be at least quarter wave with one vertical and four radial elements.

c/f/4 = λ Vertical Element Length

c/f/4 = λ Radial Element Lengths

3 Element Yagi Yagis are directional antennas consisting of a boom with reflector, driven, and director elements.

c/f = λ*.495 = Reflector Element Length

c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length

c/f = λ*.473 = Driven Element Length

c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length

c/f = λ*.440 = Director Element Length

Polarization

Ionosphere

Electrical Components

ITU Radio Bands

VLF	LF	MF	HF	VHF	UHF	SHF
3 to 30 kHz	30 to 300 kHz	300 to 3 MHz	3 to 30 MHz	30 to 300 MHz	300 to 3 GHz	3 to 30 GHz

Feedline

RG6 is common and cheap, but higher resistance at 75 Ohms. You should not use this.

RG58 is cheap, 50 Ohms, and perfectly acceptable for HF.

RG8X is slightly more expensive than RG58, but lower loss.

RG213 is double the price of RG58 and RG8X, but lower attenuation at higher frequencies.

RG8U is almost identical to RG213 in price and attenuation, but has lower loss per 100ft.

LMR400 is exceptional at higher frequencies as well as low. If your software radio can do 1GHz-6GHz, this is what you get.

Transceiver Type

Q Code

A Q Code is a shorthand for Ham Radio. It was formalized in the Morse Code days.

These are the standardized, modern Q Codes recognized internationally.

	Question ?	Answer or Advice
QRA	What is the name of your vessel (or station)?	The name of my vessel (or station) is ...
QRB	How far approximately are you from my station?	The approximate distance between our stations is ... nautical miles (or km).
QRC	By what private enterprise (or state administration) are the accounts for charges for your station settled?	The accounts for charges of my station are settled by the private enterprise ... (or state administration).
QRD	Where are you bound for and where are you from?	I am bound for ... from ...
QRE	What is your estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place)?	My estimated time of arrival at ... (or over ...) (place) is ... hours.
QRF	Are you returning to ... (place)?	I am returning to ... (place). or Return to ... (place).
QRG	Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)?	Your exact frequency (or that of ...) is ... kHz (or MHz).
QRH	Does my frequency vary?	Your frequency varies.
QRI	How is the tone of my transmission?	The tone of your transmission is ... 1. good 2. variable 3. bad.
QRJ	How many radiotelephone calls have you to book?	I have ... radiotelephone calls to book.
QRK	What is the intelligibility of my signals (or those of ...)?	The intelligibility of your signals (or those of ...) is ... 1. bad 2. poor 3. fair 4. good 5. excellent.
QRL	Are you busy?	I am busy (or I am busy with ...). Please do not interfere.
QRM	Are you being interfered with? [AP13] or Is my transmission being interfered with? [AP14]	I am being interfered with [AP13] or Your transmission is being interfered with ... [AP14] (1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely).
QRN	Are you troubled by static?	I am troubled by static (1. nil 2. slightly 3. moderately 4. severely 5. extremely).
QRO	Shall I increase transmitter power?	Increase transmitter power.
QRP	Shall I decrease transmitter power?	Decrease transmitter power.
QRQ	Shall I send faster?	Send faster (... words per minute).
QRR	Are you ready for automatic operation?	I am ready for automatic operation. Send at ... words per minute.
QRS	Shall I send more slowly?	Send more slowly (... words per minute).
QRT	Shall I stop sending?	Stop sending.
QRU	Have you anything for me?	I have nothing for you.
QRV	Are you ready?	I am ready.
QRW	Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)?	Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
QRX	When will you call me again?	I will call you again at ... hours (on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QRY	What is my turn? (Relates to communication).	Your turn is Number ... (or according to any other indication). (Relates to communication).
QRZ	Who is calling me?	You are being called by ... (on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSA	What is the strength of my signals (or those of ...)?	The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is 1. scarcely perceptible 2. weak 3. fairly good 4. good 5. very good.
QSB	Are my signals fading?	Your signals are fading.
QSC	Are you a cargo vessel? [AP13] or Are you a low traffic ship? [AP14]	I am a cargo vessel. [AP13] or I am a low traffic ship. [AP14]
QSD	Is my keying defective? [AP13] or Are my signals mutilated? [AP14]	Your keying is defective. [AP13] or Your signals are mutilated. [AP14]
QSE*	What is the estimated drift of the survival craft?	The estimated drift of the survival craft is ... (figures and units).
QSF*	Have you effected rescue?	I have effected rescue and am proceeding to ... base (with ... persons injured requiring ambulance).
QSG	Shall I send ... telegrams at a time?	Send ... telegrams at a time.
QSH	Are you able to home on your direction-finding equipment?	I am able to home on my D/F equipment (on station ...).
QSI		I have been unable to break in on your transmission. or Will you inform ... (call sign) that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSJ	What is the charge to be collected to ... including your internal charge?	The charge to be collected to ... including my internal charge is ... francs.
QSK	Can you hear me between your signals and if so can I break in on your transmission?	I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.
QSL	Can you acknowledge receipt?	I am acknowledging receipt.
QSM	Shall I repeat the last telegram which I sent you (or some previous telegram)?	Repeat the last telegram which you sent me (or telegram(s) number(s) ...).
QSN	Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz)?	I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QSO	Can you communicate with ... direct (or by relay)?	I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
QSP	Will you relay to ... free of charge?	I will relay to ... free of charge.
QSQ	Have you a doctor on board (or is ... (name of person) on board)?	I have a doctor on board (or ... (name of person) is on board).
QSR	Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency?	Repeat your call on the calling frequency; did not hear you (or have interference).
QSS	What working frequency will you use?	I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz) (in the HF bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given).
QSU	Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?	Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
QSV	Shall I send a series of Vs on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))?	Send a series of Vs on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSW	Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?	I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
QSX	Will you listen to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz)? [AP13] or Will you listen to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... ? [AP14]	I am listening to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13] or I am listening to ... (call sign(s)) on ... kHz (or MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... [AP14]
QSY	Shall I change to transmission on another frequency?	Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSZ	Shall I send each word or group more than once?	Send each word or group twice (or ... times).
QTA	Shall I cancel telegram (or message) number ... ?	Cancel telegram (or message) number ...
QTB	Do you agree with my counting of words?	I do not agree with your counting of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.
QTC	How many telegrams have you to send?	I have ... telegrams for you (or for ...).
QTD*	What has the rescue vessel or rescue aircraft recovered?	... (identification) has recovered ... 1. ... (number) survivors 2. wreckage 3. ... (number) bodies.
QTE	What is my TRUE bearing from you? or What is my TRUE bearing from ... (call sign)? or What is the TRUE bearing of ... (call sign) from ... (call sign)?	Your TRUE bearing from me is ... degrees at ... hours. or Your TRUE bearing from ... (call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours. or The TRUE bearing of ... (call sign) from ... (call sign) was ... degrees at ... hours.
QTF	Will you give me the position of my station according to the bearings taken by the direction-finding stations which you control?	The position of your station according to the bearings taken by the D/F stations which I control was ... latitude, ... longitude (or other indication of position), class ... at ... hours.
QTG	Will you send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by your call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (or MHz))? or Will you request ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz)?	I am going to send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by my call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (or MHz)). or I have requested ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ... times) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QTH	What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)?	My position is ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QTI	What is your TRUE track? [AP13]	My TRUE track is ... degrees. [AP13]
QTI*	What is your TRUE course? [AP14]	My TRUE course is ... degrees. [AP14]
QTJ*	What is your speed? (Requests the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively).	My speed is ... knots (or ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour). (Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively).
QTK*	What is the speed of your aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth?	The speed of my aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth is ... knots (or ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).
QTL*	What is your TRUE heading?	My TRUE heading is ... degrees.
QTM*	What is your MAGNETIC heading?	My MAGNETIC heading is ... degrees.
QTN	At what time did you depart from ... (place)?	I departed from ... (place) at ... hours.
QTO	Have you left dock (or port)? or Are you airborne?	I have left dock (or port). or I am airborne.
QTP	Are you going to enter dock (or port)? or Are you going to alight (or land)?	I am going to enter dock (or port). or I am going to alight (or land).
QTQ	Can you communicate with my station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO)?	I am going to communicate with your station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO).
QTR	What is the correct time?	The correct time is ... hours.
QTS	Will you send your call sign for tuning purposes or so that your frequency can be measured now (or at ... hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)? [AP13] or Will you send your call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds? [AP14]	I will send my call sign for tuning purposes or so that my frequency may be measured now (or at ... hours) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13] or I will send my call sign (and/or name) for ... seconds. [AP14]
QTT		The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.
QTU	What are the hours during which your station is open?	My station is open from ... to ... hours.
QTV	Shall I stand guard for you on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours)?	Stand guard for me on the frequency of ... kHz (or MHz) (from ... to ... hours).
QTW*	What is the condition of survivors?	Survivors are in ... condition and urgently need ...
QTX	Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)?	I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).
QTY*	Are you proceeding to the position of incident and if so when do you expect to arrive?	I am proceeding to the position of incident and expect to arrive at ... hours (on ... (date)).
QTZ*	Are you continuing the search?	I am continuing the search for ... (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).
QUA	Have you news of ... (call sign)?	Here is news of ... (call sign).
QUB*	Can you give me in the following order information concerning: the direction in degrees TRUE and speed of the surface wind; visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at ... (place of observation)?	Here is the information requested: ... (The units used for speed and distances should be indicated.)
QUC	What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))?	The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
QUD	Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)?	I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUE	Can you use telephony in ... (language), with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP13] or Can you speak in ... (language), - with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP14]	I can use telephony in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP13] or I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz). [AP14]
QUF	Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)?	I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUG	Will you be forced to alight (or land)? [AP13]	I am forced to alight (or land) immediately. or I shall be forced to alight (or land) at ... (position or place) at ... hours. [AP13]
QUH*	Will you give me the present barometric pressure at sea level?	The present barometric pressure at sea level is ... (units).
QUI	Are your navigation lights working? [AP13]	My navigation lights are working. [AP13]
QUJ	Will you indicate the TRUE track to reach you (or ...)? [AP13]	The TRUE track to reach me (or ...) is ... degrees at ... hours. [AP13]
QUK	Can you tell me the condition of the sea observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [AP13]	The sea at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [AP13]
QUL	Can you tell me the swell observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [AP13]	The swell at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [AP13]
QUM	May I resume normal working?	Normal working may be resumed.
QUN	1. When directed to all stations: [AP13,14] Will vessels in my immediate vicinity ... or (in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude) or (in the vicinity of ...) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? or 2. When directed to a single station: [AP14] please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed?	My position, TRUE course and speed are ...
QUO*	Shall I search for ... 1. aircraft 2. ship 3. survival craft in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication)?	Please search for ... 1. aircraft 2. ship 3. survival craft in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QUP	Will you indicate your position by 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights?	My position is indicated by 1. searchlight 2. black smoke trail 3. pyrotechnic lights.
QUQ	Shall I train my searchlight nearly vertical on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if your aircraft is seen, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (or land) to facilitate your landing?	Please train your searchlight on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if my aircraft is seen or heard, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (or land) to facilitate my landing. [AP13]
QUR*	Have survivors ... 1. received survival equipment 2. been picked up by rescue vessel 3. been reached by ground rescue party?	Survivors ... 1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by ... 2. have been picked up by rescue vessel 3. have been reached by ground rescue party.
QUS*	Have you sighted survivors or wreckage? If so, in what position?	Have sighted ... 1. survivors in water 2. survivors on rafts 3. wreckage in position ... latitude, ... longitude (or according to any other indication).
QUT*	Is position of incident marked?	Position of incident is marked by ... 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. ... (specify other marking).
QUU*	Shall I home ship or aircraft to my position?	Home ship or aircraft ... (call sign) ... 1. to your position by transmitting your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (or MHz) 2. by transmitting on ... kHz (or MHz) TRUE track to reach you.
QUW*	Are you in the search area designated as ... (designator or latitude and longitude)?	I am in the ... (designation) search area.
QUX	Do you have any navigational warnings or gale warnings in force? [AP14]	I have the following navigational warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force: ... [AP14]
QUY*	Is position of survival craft marked?	Position of survival craft was marked at ... hours by ... 1. flame or smoke float 2. sea marker 3. sea marker dye 4. ... (specify other marking).
QUZ	May I resume restricted working? [AP14]	Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed. [AP14]

These codes are specific to the Amateur Radio hobby

Code	Question	Answer or Statement
QLE	What is your expected signal?	The expected signal is low...
QNI	May I join the net?	You may check in...
QRA	What is the name (or call sign) of your station?	The name (or call sign) of my station is ...
QRG	Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)?	Your exact frequency (or that of ... ) is ... kHz (or MHz).
QRH	Does my frequency vary?	Your frequency varies.
QRI	How is the tone of my transmission?	The tone of your transmission is (1. Good; 2. Variable; 3. Bad)
QRJ	How many voice contacts do you want to make?	I want to make ... voice contacts.
QRK	What is the readability of my signals (or those of ...)?	The readability of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
QRL	Are you busy?	I am busy. (or I am busy with ... ) Please do not interfere.
QRM	Do you have interference? [from other stations]	I have interference.
QRN	Are you troubled by static?	I am troubled by static.
QRO	Shall I increase power?	Increase power.
QRP	Shall I decrease power?	Decrease power.
QRQ	Shall I send faster?	Send faster (... wpm)
QRS	Shall I send more slowly?	Send more slowly (... wpm)
QRT	Shall I cease or suspend operation?/ shutoff the radio	I am suspending operation. /shutting off the radio
QRU	Have you anything for me?	I have nothing for you.
QRV	Are you ready?	I am ready.
QRW	Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)?	Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
QRX	Shall I standby / When will you call me again?	Please standby / I will call you again at ... (hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)
QRZ	Who is calling me?	You are being called by ... on ... kHz (or MHz)
QSA	What is the strength of my signals (or those of ... )?	The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
QSB	Are my signals fading?	Your signals are fading.
QSD	Is my keying defective?	Your keying is defective.
QSG	Shall I send ... telegrams (messages) at a time?	Send ... telegrams (messages) at a time.
QSK	Can you hear me between your signals?	I can hear you between my signals.
QSL	Can you acknowledge receipt?	I am acknowledging receipt.
QSM	Shall I repeat the last telegram (message) which I sent you, or some previous telegram (message)?	Repeat the last telegram (message) which you sent me (or telegram(s) (message(s)) numbers(s) ...).
QSN	Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on .. kHz (or MHz)?	I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QSO	Can you communicate with ... direct or by relay?	I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
QSP	Will you relay a message to ...?	I will relay a message to ... .
QSR	Do you want me to repeat my call?	Please repeat your call; I did not hear you.
QSS	What working frequency will you use?	I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz).
QST	–	Here is a broadcast message to all amateurs.
QSU	Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))?	Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSW	Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))?	I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSX	Will you listen to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))?	I am listening to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))
QSY	Shall I change to transmission on another frequency?	Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
QSZ	Shall I send each word or group more than once?	Send each word or group twice (or ... times).
QTA	Shall I cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent?	Cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent.
QTC	How many telegrams (messages) have you to send?	I have ... telegrams (messages) for you (or for ...).
QTH	What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)?	My position is ... latitude...longitude
QTR	What is the correct time?	The correct time is ... hours
QTU	At what times are you operating?	I am operating from ... to ... hours.
QTX	Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)?	I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).
QUA	Have you news of ... (call sign)?	Here is news of ... (call sign).
QUC	What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))?	The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
QUD	Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)?	I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
QUE	Can you speak in ... (language), – with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies?	I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz).
QUF	Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)?	I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.

Notes for response to radiotelegraph Q-codes: Responses to a radiotelegraph Q-code query or a Q-code assertion may vary depending upon the code. For Q-code assertions or queries which only need to be acknowledged as received, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "R" for "Roger" which means "Received correctly". Sending an "R" merely means the code has been correctly received and does not necessarily mean that the receiving operator has taken any other action. For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the affirmative, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "C" (Sounds like the Spanish word "Si"). For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the negative, the usual practice it to respond with the letter "N" for "no". For those Q-code assertions that merely need to be acknowledged as understood, the usual practice is to respond with the prosign SN or VE which means "understood". On telegraph cable networks "KK" was often used at the end of a reply to a Q Code to mean "OK" or "Acknowledged". This practice predates amateur radio as telegraph operators in the late 19th Century are known to have used it.

Lightning Protection

If your antenna is outdoors, you should take precaution to prevent yourself and your gear from becoming dead. Metal antenna mounts should be grounded using 10 gauge insulated solid core copper wire. Your coax should have a lightning arrestor between the antenna and your equipment. The arrestor should be mounted near the lightning rod it's grounded to. To prevent moisture ingress, the arrestor and coax connectors should be placed in a plastic electrical box. If you have a wire dipole antenna, you should use ceramic insulators at both ends and guy rope to tie between two points.

Difference between revisions of "Ham Radio"

Revision as of 06:34, 22 March 2019

Contents

Testing In The US

Maths You Should Know

Antennas

Polarization

Ionosphere

Electrical Components

ITU Radio Bands

Feedline

Transceiver Type

Q Code

Lightning Protection

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools

@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
 !'''Answer or Advice'''
 |-
-|'''QAB '''
+|'''QRA '''
-|May I have clearance (for ...) from ... (''place'') to ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ... ?
+|What is the name of your vessel (''or'' station)?
-|You are cleared (''or'' ... is cleared) by ... from ... (''place'') to ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ...
+|The name of my vessel (''or'' station) is ...
 |-
-|'''QAF '''
+|'''QRB '''
-|Will you advise me when you are (were) at (over) ... (''place'')?
+|How far approximately are you from my station?
-|I am (was) at (over) ... (''place'') (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ...
+|The approximate distance between our stations is ... nautical miles (''or'' km).
 |-
-|'''QAG '''
+|'''QRC '''
-|
+|By what private enterprise (''or'' state administration) are the accounts for charges for your station settled?
-|Arrange your flight in order to arrive over ... (''place'') at ... hours. <br/>
+|The accounts for charges of my station are settled by the private enterprise ... (''or'' state administration).
-''or''<br/> I am arranging my flight in order to arrive over ... (''place'') at ... hours.
+|-
+|'''QRD '''
+|Where are you bound for and where are you from?
+|I am bound for ... from ...
+|-
+|'''QRE '''
+|What is your estimated time of arrival at ... (''or'' over ...) (''place'')?
+|My estimated time of arrival at ... (''or'' over ...) (''place'') is ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QAH '''
+|'''QRF '''
-|What is your height above ... (''datum'')?
+|Are you returning to ... (''place'')?
-|I am at .... flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+|I am returning to ... (''place''). <br/>
-''or''<br/>
+''or''<br/> Return to ... (''place'').
-Arrange your flight so as to reach flight level/altitude ... at ... (''hours or place'').
 |-
-|'''QAI '''
+|'''QRG '''
-|What is the essential traffic respecting my aircraft?
+|Will you tell me my exact frequency (''or'' that of ...)?
-|The essential traffic respecting your aircraft is ...
+|Your exact frequency (''or'' that of ...) is ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 |-
-|'''QAK '''
+|'''QRH '''
-|Is there any risk of collision?
+|Does my frequency vary?
-|There is risk of collision.
+|Your frequency varies.
 |-
-|'''QAL '''
+|'''QRI '''
-|Are you going to land at ... (''place'')? <br/>
+|How is the tone of my transmission?
-''or''<br/> Has aircraft ... landed at ... (''place'')?
+|The tone of your transmission is ...<br/> 1. good<br/> 2. variable<br/> 3. bad.
-|I am going to land at ... (''place''). <br/>
-''or''<br/> (You may) land at ... (''place''). <br/>
-''or''<br/> Aircraft ... landed at ... (''place'').
 |-
-|'''QAM '''
+|'''QRJ '''
-|What is the latest available meteorological observation for ... (''place'')?
+|How many radiotelephone calls have you to book?
-|Meteorological observation made at ... (''place'') at ... hours was as follows ...<br/>
+|I have ... radiotelephone calls to book.
-''Note.- The information may be given in Q Code form or the METAR form.''
 |-
-|'''QAN '''
+|'''QRK '''
-|What is the surface wind direction and speed at ... (''place'')?
+|What is the intelligibility of my signals (''or'' those of ...)?
-|The surface wind direction and speed at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''direction'') ... (''speed'').
+|The intelligibility of your signals (''or'' those of ...) is ...<br/> 1. bad<br/> 2. poor<br/> 3. fair<br/> 4. good<br/> 5. excellent.
 |-
-|'''QAO '''
+|'''QRL '''
-|What is the wind direction in degrees TRUE and speed at ... (''position or zone/s'') at each of the ... (''figures'') ... (''units'') levels above ... (''datum'')?
+|Are you busy?
-|The wind direction and speed at (''position or zone/s'') at flight level/altitude ... is:<br/> ... (vertical distance) ... degrees TRUE ... (''speed'').
+|I am busy (''or'' I am busy with ...). Please do not interfere.
 |-
-|'''QAP '''
+|'''QRM '''
-|Shall I listen for you (''or'' for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz)?
+|Are you being interfered with? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|Listen for me (''or'' for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz).
+''or''<br/> Is my transmission being interfered with? [AP14]
+|I am being interfered with [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> Your transmission is being interfered with ... [AP14]<br/> (1. nil<br/> 2. slightly<br/> 3. moderately<br/> 4. severely<br/> 5. extremely).
 |-
-|'''QAQ '''
+|'''QRN '''
-|Am I near a prohibited, restricted or danger area?<br/>
+|Are you troubled by static?
-''or''<br/> Am I near area ... (''identification of area'')?
+|I am troubled by static<br/> (1. nil<br/> 2. slightly<br/> 3. moderately<br/> 4. severely<br/> 5. extremely).
-|You are ...<br/> 1) near<br/> 2) flying within area ... (''identification of area'').
 |-
-|'''QAR '''
+|'''QRO '''
-|May I stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes?
+|Shall I increase transmitter power?
-|You may stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes.
+|Increase transmitter power.
 |-
-|'''QAU '''
+|'''QRP '''
-|Where may I jettison fuel?
+|Shall I decrease transmitter power?
-|I am about to jettison fuel.<br/>
+|Decrease transmitter power.
-''or''<br/> Jettison fuel in ... (''area'').
 |-
-|'''QAW '''
+|'''QRQ '''
-|
+|Shall I send faster?
-|I am about to carry out overshoot procedure.
+|Send faster (... words per minute).
 |-
-|'''QAY '''
+|'''QRR '''
-|Will you advise me when you pass (passed) ... (''place'') bearing 090 (270) degrees relative to your heading?
+|Are you ready for automatic operation?
-|I passed ... (''place'') bearing ... degrees relative to my heading at ... hours.
+|I am ready for automatic operation. Send at ... words per minute.
 |-
-|'''QAZ '''
+|'''QRS '''
-|Are you experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm?
+|Shall I send more slowly?
-|I am experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm.
+|Send more slowly (... words per minute).
 |-
-|'''QBA '''
+|'''QRT '''
-|What is the horizontal visibility at ... (''place'')?
+|Shall I stop sending?
-|The horizontal visibility at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''distance figures and units'').
+|Stop sending.
 |-
-|'''QBB '''
+|'''QRU '''
-|What is the amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud [at ... (''place'')]?
+|Have you anything for me?
-|The amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud at ... (''place'') at ... hours is:<br/> ... eights (... type) at ... (''figures and units'') height above official aerodrome elevation.
+|I have nothing for you.
 |-
-|'''QBC '''
+|'''QRV '''
-|Report meteorological conditions as observed from your aircraft [at ... (''position or zone'')] [(at ... hours)].
+|Are you ready?
-|The meteorological conditions as observed from my aircraft at ... (''position or zone'') at ... hours at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'') are ...<br/> ''Note.-The answer is required in the format of an AIREP message.''
+|I am ready.
 |-
-|'''QBD '''
+|'''QRW '''
-|How much fuel have you remaining (''expressed as hours and/or minutes of consumption'')?
+|Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?
-|My fuel endurance is ... (''hours and/or minutes'').
+|Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 |-
-|'''QBE '''
+|'''QRX '''
-|
+|When will you call me again?
-|I am about to wind in my aerial.
+|I will call you again at ... hours (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 |-
-|'''QBF '''
+|'''QRY '''
-|Are you flying in cloud?
+|What is my turn?<br/> (''Relates to communication'').
-|I am flying in cloud at ... flight level/altitude ... [and I am ascending (descending) to flight level/altitude ...].
+|Your turn is Number ... (''or according to any other indication'').<br/> (''Relates to communication'').
 |-
-|'''QBG '''
+|'''QRZ '''
-|Are you flying above cloud?
+|Who is calling me?
-|I am flying above cloud and at flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+|You are being called by ... (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
-''or''<br/> Maintain a vertical distance of ... (''figures and units'') above clouds, smoke, haze or fog levels.
 |-
-|'''QBH '''
+|'''QSA '''
-|Are you flying below cloud?
+|What is the strength of my signals (''or'' those of ...)?
-|I am flying below cloud and at flight level/altitude ...<br/>
+|The strength of your signals (''or'' those of ...) is<br/> 1. scarcely perceptible<br/> 2. weak<br/> 3. fairly good<br/> 4. good<br/>   5. very good.
-''or''<br/> Maintain a vertical distance of ... (''figures and units'') below cloud.
 |-
-|'''QBI '''
+|'''QSB '''
-|Is flight under IFR compulsory at ... (''place'') [''or'' from ... to ... (''place'')]?
+|Are my signals fading?
-|Flight under IFR is compulsory at ... (''place'') [''or'' from ... to ... (''place'')].
+|Your signals are fading.
 |-
-|'''QBJ '''
+|'''QSC '''
-|What is the amount, type and height above ... (''datum'') of the top of the cloud [at ... (''position or zone'')]?
+|Are you a cargo vessel? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|At ... hours at ... (''position or zone'') the top of the cloud is:<br/> amount ... eights (... type) at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').
+''or''<br/> Are you a low traffic ship? [AP14]
+|I am a cargo vessel. [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> I am a low traffic ship. [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QBK '''
+|'''QSD '''
-|Are you flying with no cloud in your vicinity?
+|Is my keying defective? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|I am flying with no cloud in my vicinity and at flight level/altitude ...
+''or''<br/> Are my signals mutilated? [AP14]
+|Your keying is defective. [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> Your signals are mutilated. [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QBM '''
+|'''QSE*'''
-|Has ... sent any messages for me?
+|What is the estimated drift of the survival craft?
-|Here is the message sent by ... at ... hours.
+|The estimated drift of the survival craft is ... (''figures and units'').
 |-
-|'''QBN '''
+|'''QSF*'''
-|Are you flying between two layers of cloud?
+|Have you effected rescue?
-|I am flying between two layers of cloud and at flight level/altitude ...
+|I have effected rescue and am proceeding to ... base (with ... persons injured requiring ambulance).
 |-
-|'''QBO '''
+|'''QSG '''
-|What is the nearest aerodrome at which flight under VFR is permissible and which would be suitable for my landing?
+|Shall I send ... telegrams at a time?
-|Flying under VFR is permissible at ... (''place'') which would be suitable for your landing.
+|Send ... telegrams at a time.
 |-
-|'''QBP '''
+|'''QSH '''
-|Are you flying in and out of cloud?
+|Are you able to home on your direction-finding equipment?
-|I am flying in and out of cloud and at flight level/altitude ...
+|I am able to home on my D/F equipment (on station ...).
 |-
-|'''QBS '''
+|'''QSI '''
 |
-|Ascend (''or'' descend) to ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'') before encountering instrument meteorological conditions or if visibility falls below ... (''distance figures and units'') and advise.
+|I have been unable to break in on your transmission. <br/>
+''or''<br/> Will you inform ... (''call sign'') that I have been unable to break in on his transmission (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
 |-
-|'''QBT '''
+|'''QSJ '''
-|What is the runway visual range at ... (''place'')?
+|What is the charge to be collected to ... including your internal charge?
-|The runway visual range at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''distance figures and units'').
+|The charge to be collected to ... including my internal charge is ... francs.
 |-
-|'''QBV '''
+|'''[[QSK operation (full break-in)|QSK]] '''
-|Have you reached flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')]?
+|Can you hear me between your signals and if so can I break in on your transmission?
-|I have reached ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].<br/>
+|I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.
-''or''<br/>
+|-
-Report reaching flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].
+|'''[[QSL card|QSL]] '''
+|Can you acknowledge receipt?
+|I am acknowledging receipt.
+|-
+|'''QSM '''
+|Shall I repeat the last telegram which I sent you (''or'' some previous telegram)?
+|Repeat the last telegram which you sent me (''or'' telegram(s) number(s) ...).
 |-
-|'''QBX '''
+|'''QSN '''
-|Have you left ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')]?
+|Did you hear me (''or'' ... (''call sign'')) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?
-|I have left ... flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].<br/>
+|I did hear you (''or'' ... (''call sign'')) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
-''or''<br/>
-Report leaving flight level/altitude ... [''or'' ... (''area or place'')].
 |-
-|'''QBZ '''
+|'''QSO '''
-|Report your flying conditions in relation to clouds.
+|Can you communicate with ... direct (''or'' by relay)?
-|''The reply to'' QBZ ? ''is given by the appropriate answer form of signals'' QBF, QBG, QBH, QBK, QBN ''and'' QBP.
+|I can communicate with ... direct (''or'' by relay through ...).
 |-
-|'''QCA '''
+|'''QSP '''
-|May I change my flight level/altitude from ... to ... ?
+|Will you relay to ... free of charge?
-|You may change your flight level/altitude from ... to ...<br/>
+|I will relay to ... free of charge.
-''or''<br/>
-I am changing my flight level/altitude from ... to ...
 |-
-|'''QCB '''
+|'''QSQ '''
-|
+|Have you a doctor on board (''or'' is ... (''name of person'') on board)?
-|Delay is being caused by ...<br/> 1) you're transmitting out of turn.<br/> 2) your slowness in answering.<br/> 3) lack of your reply to my ...
+|I have a doctor on board (''or'' ... (''name of person'') is on board).
 |-
-|'''QCE '''
+|'''QSR '''
-|When may I expect approach clearance?
+|Shall I repeat the call on the calling frequency?
-|Expect approach clearance at ... hours.<br/>
+|Repeat your call on the calling frequency; did not hear you (''or'' have interference).
-''or''<br/> No delay expected.
 |-
-|'''QCF '''
+|'''QSS '''
-|
+|What working frequency will you use?
-|Delay indefinite. Expect approach clearance not later than ... hours.
+|I will use the working frequency ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (''in the HF bands normally only the last three figures of the frequency need be given'').
 |-
-|'''QCH '''
+|'''QSU '''
-|May I taxi to ... (''place'')?
+|Shall I send or reply on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?
-|Cleared to taxi to ... (''place'').
+|Send or reply on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
 |-
-|'''QCI '''
+|'''QSV '''
-|
+|Shall I send a series of Vs on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz))?
-|Make a 360-degree turn immediately (turning to the ...).<br/>
+|Send a series of Vs on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
-''or''<br/>
-I am making a 360-degree turn immediately (turning to the ...).
 |-
-|'''QCS '''
+|'''QSW '''
-|
+|Will you send on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...)?
-|My reception on ... frequency has broken down.
+|I am going to send on this frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)) (with emissions of class ...).
 |-
-|'''QCX '''
+|'''QSX '''
-|What is your full call sign?
+|Will you listen to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|My full call sign is ... <br/>
+''or''<br/> Will you listen to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... ? [AP14]
-''or''<br/> Use your full call sign until further notice.
+|I am listening to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> I am listening to ... (''call sign(s)'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz), or in the bands ... / channels ... [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QCY '''
+|'''QSY '''
-|
+|Shall I change to transmission on another frequency?
-|I am working on a trailing aerial.<br/>
+|Change to transmission on another frequency (''or'' on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)).
-''or''<br/> Work on a trailing aerial.
 |-
-|'''QDB '''
+|'''QSZ '''
-|Have you sent message ... to ... ?
+|Shall I send each word or group more than once?
-|I have sent message ... to ...
+|Send each word or group twice (''or'' ... times).
 |-
-|'''QDF '''
+|'''QTA '''
-|What is your D-Value at ... (''position'')? <br/>
+|Shall I cancel telegram (''or'' message) number ... ?
-''or''<br/> What is the D-Value at ... (''place or position'') (at ... hours) for the ... millibar level?
+|Cancel telegram (''or'' message) number ...
-|My D-Value at ... (''position'') at ... (''figures and units'') height above the 1013.2 millibars datum is ... (''D-Value figures and units'') ... (''specify plus or minus'').<br/>
-''or''<br/>
-The D-Value at ... (''place or position'') at ... hours for the ... millibar level is (''D-Value figures and units'') ... (''specify plus or minus'').<br/> ''Note.- When the true altitude (radio altitude) is greater than the pressure altitude '''PS''' (Plus) is used and when it is less '''MS''' (Minus) is used.''
 |-
-|'''QDL '''
+|'''QTB '''
-|Do you intend to ask me for a series of bearings?
+|Do you agree with my counting of words?
-|I intend to ask you for a series of bearings.
+|I do not agree with your counting of words; I will repeat the first letter or digit of each word or group.
 |-
-|'''QDM '''
+|'''QTC '''
-|Will you indicate the MAGNETIC heading for me to steer towards you (''or'' ...) with no wind?
+|How many telegrams have you to send?
-|The MAGNETIC heading for you to steer to reach me (''or'' ...) with no wind was ... degrees (at ... hours).
+|I have ... telegrams for you (''or'' for ...).
 |-
-|'''QDP '''
+|'''QTD*'''
-|Will you accept control (''or'' responsibility) of (for) ... now (''or'' at ... hours)?
+|What has the rescue vessel or rescue aircraft recovered?
-|I will accept control (''or'' responsibility) of (for) ... now (''or'' at ... hours).
+|... (''identification'') has recovered ...<br/> 1. ... (''number'') survivors<br/> 2. wreckage<br/> 3. ... (''number'') bodies.
 |-
-|'''QDR '''
+|'''QTE '''
-|What is my MAGNETIC bearing from you (''or'' from ...)?
+|What is my TRUE bearing from you? <br/>
-|Your MAGNETIC bearing from me (''or'' from ...) was ... degrees (at ... hours).
+''or''<br/> What is my TRUE bearing from ... (''call sign'')? <br/>
+''or''<br/> What is the TRUE bearing of ... (''call sign'') from ... (''call sign'')?
+|Your TRUE bearing from me is ... degrees at ... hours. <br/>
+''or''<br/> Your TRUE bearing from ... (''call sign'') was ... degrees at ... hours. <br/>
+''or''<br/> The TRUE bearing of ... (''call sign'') from ... (''call sign'') was ... degrees        at ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QDT '''
+|'''QTF '''
-|Are you flying in visual meteorological condition?
+|Will you give me the position of my station according to the bearings taken by the direction-finding stations which you control?
-|I am flying in visual meteorological condition.<br/>
+|The position of your station according to the bearings taken by the D/F stations which I control was ... latitude, ... longitude (''or other indication of position''), class ... at ... hours.
-''or''<br/>
-You are cleared subject to maintaining own separation and visual meteorological conditions.
 |-
-|'''QDU '''
+|'''QTG '''
-|
+|Will you send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by your call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz))? <br/>
-|Cancelling my IFR flight.<br/>
+''or''<br/> Will you request ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed by his call sign (repeated ...        times) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)?
-''or''<br/>
+|I am going to send two dashes of ten seconds each followed by my call sign (repeated ... times) (on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)). <br/>
-IFR flight cancelled at ... (''time'').
+''or''<br/> I have requested ... to send two dashes of ten seconds followed  by his call sign (repeated ...        times) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz).
 |-
-|'''QDV '''
+|'''QTH '''
-|Are you flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (''figures and units'')?
+|What is your position in latitude and longitude (''or according to any other indication'')?
-|I am flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (''figures and units'') at flight level/altitude ...
+|My position is ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').
 |-
-|'''QEA '''
+|'''QTI '''
-|May I cross the runway ahead of me?
+|What is your TRUE track? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|You may cross the runway ahead of you.
+|My TRUE track is ... degrees. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 |-
-|'''QEB '''
+|'''QTI*'''
-|May I turn at the intersection?
+|What is your TRUE course? [AP14]
-|Taxi as follows at the intersection ...<br/> (straight ahead DRT<br/> turn left LEFT<br/> turn right RITE).
+|My TRUE course is ... degrees. [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QEC '''
+|'''QTJ*'''
-|May I make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway?
+|What is your speed? <br/>
-|You may make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway.
+(''Requests the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively'').
+|My speed is ... knots (''or'' ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour). <br/>
+(''Indicates the speed of a ship or aircraft through the water or air respectively'').
 |-
-|'''QED '''
+|'''QTK*'''
-|Shall I follow the pilot vehicle?
+|What is the speed of your aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth?
-|Follow the pilot vehicle.
+|The speed of my aircraft in relation to the surface of the Earth is ... knots (''or'' ... kilometres per hour or ... statute miles per hour).
 |-
-|'''QEF '''
+|'''QTL*'''
-|Have I reached my parking area? <br/>
+|What is your TRUE heading?
-''or''<br/> Have you reached your parking area?
+|My TRUE heading is ... degrees.
-|You have reached your parking area.<br/>
-''or''<br/> I have reached my parking area.
 |-
-|'''QEG '''
+|'''QTM*'''
-|May I leave the parking area? <br/>
+|What is your MAGNETIC heading?
-''or''<br/> Have you left the parking area?
+|My MAGNETIC heading is ... degrees.
-|You may leave the parking area.<br/>
-''or''<br/> I have left the parking area.
 |-
-|'''QEH '''
+|'''QTN '''
-|May I move to the holding position for runway number ... ? <br/>
+|At what time did you depart from ... (''place'')?
-''or''<br/> Have you moved to the holding position for runway number ... ?
+|I departed from ... (''place'') at ... hours.
-|Cleared to the holding position for runway number ... <br/>
-''or''<br/> I have moved to the holding position for runway number ...
 |-
-|'''QEJ '''
+|'''QTO '''
-|May I assume position for take-off? <br/>
+|Have you left dock (''or'' port)? <br/>
-''or''<br/> Have you assumed position for take-off?
+''or''<br/> Are you airborne?
-|Cleared to hold at take-off position for runway number ... <br/>
+|I have left dock (''or'' port). <br/>
-''or''<br/> I am assuming take-off position for runway number ... and am holding.
+''or''<br/> I am airborne.
 |-
-|'''QEK '''
+|'''QTP '''
-|Are you ready for immediate take-off?
+|Are you going to enter dock (''or'' port)? <br/>
-|I am ready for immediate take-off.
+''or''<br/> Are you going to alight (''or'' land)?
+|I am going to enter dock (''or'' port). <br/>
+''or''<br/> I am going to alight (''or'' land).
 |-
-|'''QEL '''
+|'''QTQ '''
-|May I take-off (and make a ... hand turn after take-off)?
+|Can you communicate with my station by means of the [[International Code of Signals]] (INTERCO)?
-|You are cleared to take-off (turn as follows after take-off ...).
+|I am going to communicate with your station by means of the International Code of Signals (INTERCO).
 |-
-|'''QEM '''
+|'''QTR '''
-|What is the condition of the landing surface at ... (''place'')?
+|What is the correct time?
-|The condition of the landing surface at ... (''place'') is ... <br/>
+|The correct time is ... hours.
-''Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups.''
 |-
-|'''QEN '''
+|'''QTS '''
-|Shall I hold my position?
+|Will you send your call sign for tuning purposes or so that your frequency can be measured now (''or'' at ... hours) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|Hold your position
+''or''<br/> Will you send your call sign (''and/or'' name) for ... seconds? [AP14]
+|I will send my call sign for tuning purposes or so that my frequency may be measured now (''or'' at ... hours) on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> I will send my call sign (''and/or'' name) for ... seconds. [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QEO '''
+|'''QTT '''
-|Shall I clear the runway (''or'' landing area)? <br/>
+|
-''or''<br/> Have you cleared the runway (''or'' landing area)?
+|The identification signal which follows is superimposed on another transmission.
-|Clear the runway (''or'' landing area).<br/>
-''or''<br/> I have cleared the runway (''or'' landing area).
 |-
-|'''QES '''
+|'''QTU '''
-|Is a right-hand circuit in force at ... (''place'')?
+|What are the hours during which your station is open?
-|A right-hand circuit is in force at ... (''place'').
+|My station is open from ... to ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QFA '''
+|'''QTV '''
-|What is the meteorological forecast for ... (''flight, route, section of route or zone'') for the period ... hours until ... hours?
+|Shall I stand guard for you on the frequency of ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (from ... to ... hours)?
-|The meteorological forecast for ... (''flight, route, section of route or zone'') for the period ... hours until ... hours is ...
+|Stand guard for me on the frequency of ... kHz (''or'' MHz) (from ... to ... hours).
 |-
-|'''QFB '''
+|'''QTW*'''
-|
+|What is the condition of survivors?
-|The ...<br/> 1) approach<br/> 2) runway<br/> 3) approach and runway<br/> lights are out of order.
+|Survivors are in ... condition and urgently need ...
+|-
+|'''QTX '''
+|Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (''or'' until ... hours)?
+|I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (''or'' until ... hours).
 |-
-|'''QFC '''
+|'''QTY*'''
-|What is the amount, the type and the height above ... (''datum'') of the base of the cloud at ... (''place, position or zone'')?
+|Are you proceeding to the position of incident and if so when do you expect to arrive?
-|At ... (''place, position or zone'') the base of the cloud is ... eighths ... type at ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').
+|I am proceeding to the position of incident and expect to arrive at ... hours (on ... (''date'')).
 |-
-|'''QFD '''
+|'''QTZ*'''
-|1) Is the ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] in operation?<br/> 2) Will you switch on the ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')]?<br/> 3) Will you extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] until I have landed?
+|Are you continuing the search?
-|1) The ... visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] is in operation<br/> 2) I will extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (''place'')] until your landing is completed.
+|I am continuing the search for ... (aircraft, ship, survival craft, survivors or wreckage).
 |-
-|'''QFE '''
+|'''QUA '''
-|What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its height above the reference elevation being used?
+|Have you news of ... (''call sign'')?
-|If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its height above aerodrome elevation (above threshold, runway number ...).
+|Here is news of ... (''call sign'').
 |-
-|'''QFF '''
+|'''QUB*'''
-|[At ... (''place'')] what is the present atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice?
+|Can you give me in the following order information concerning: the direction in degrees TRUE and speed of the surface wind; visibility; present weather; and amount, type and height of base of cloud above surface elevation at ... (''place of observation'')?
-|At ... (''place'') the atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice is (''or'' was determined at ... hours to be) ... millibars.
+|Here is the information requested: ... (''The units used for speed and distances should be indicated.'')
 |-
-|'''QFG '''
+|'''QUC '''
-|Am I overhead?
+|What is the number (''or other indication'') of the last message you received from me (''or'' from ... (''call sign''))?
-|You are overhead.
+|The number (''or other indication'') of the last message I received from you (''or'' from ... (''call sign'')) is ...
 |-
-|'''QFH '''
+|'''QUD '''
-|May I descend below the clouds?
+|Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'')?
-|You may descend below the clouds.
+|I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'') at ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QFI '''
+|'''QUE '''
-|Are the aerodrome lights lit?
+|Can you use telephony in ... (''language''), with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
-|The aerodrome lights are lit. <br/>
+''or''<br/> Can you speak in ... (''language''), - with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? [AP14]
-''or''<br/> Please light the aerodrome lights.
+|I can use telephony in ... (''language'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [[#AP13|[AP13]]] <br/>
+''or''<br/> I can speak in ... (''language'') on ... kHz (''or'' MHz). [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QFL '''
+|'''QUF '''
-|Will you send up pyrotechnical lights?
+|Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'')?
-|I will send up pyrotechnical lights.
+|I have received the distress signal sent by ... (''call sign of mobile station'') at ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QFM '''
+|'''QUG '''
-|What flight level/altitude ... <br/> 1) should I maintain?<br/> 2) are you maintaining?<br/> 3) do you intend cruising at?
+|Will you be forced to alight (''or'' land)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|...<br/>
+|I am forced to alight (''or'' land) immediately. <br/>
-) Maintain (''or'' fly at) flight level/altitude ...<br/> 2) I am maintaining flight level/altitude ... <br/> 3) I intend cruising at flight level/altitude ...
+''or''<br/> I shall be forced to alight (''or'' land) at ... (position or place) at ... hours. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 |-
-|'''QFO '''
+|'''QUH*'''
-|May I land immediately?
+|Will you give me the present barometric pressure at sea level?
-|You may land immediately.
+|The present barometric pressure at sea level is ... (''units'').
 |-
-|'''QFP '''
+|'''QUI '''
-|Will you give me the latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (''place'')]?
+|Are your navigation lights working? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|The latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (''place'')] is as follows ... <br/>
+|My navigation lights are working. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-''Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups.''
 |-
-|'''QFQ '''
+|'''QUJ '''
-|Are the approach and runway lights lit?
+|Will you indicate the TRUE track to reach you (''or'' ...)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|The approach and runway lights are lit. <br/>
+|The TRUE track to reach me (''or'' ...) is ... degrees at ... hours. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-''or''<br/> Please light the approach and runway lights.
 |-
-|'''QFR '''
+|'''QUK '''
-|Does my landing gear appear damaged?
+|Can you tell me the condition of the sea observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|Your landing gear appears damaged.
+|The sea at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
 |-
-|'''QFS '''
+|'''QUL '''
-|Is the radio facility at ... (''place'') in operation?
+|Can you tell me the swell observed at ... (place or coordinates)? [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-|The radio facility at ... (''place'') is in operation (''or'' will be in operation in ... hours).<br/>
+|The swell at ... (place or coordinates) is ... [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-''or''<br/>
-Please have the ... radio facility at ... (''place'') put in operation.
 |-
-|'''QFT '''
+|'''QUM '''
-|Between what heights above ... (''datum'') has ice formation been observed [at ... (''position or zone'')]?
+|May I resume normal working?
-|Ice formation has been observed at ... (''position or zone'') in the type of ... and with an accretion rate of ... between ... (''figures and units'') and ... (''figures and units'') heights above ... (''datum'').
+|Normal working may be resumed.
 |-
-|'''QFU '''
+|'''QUN '''
-|What is the magnetic direction (''or'' number) of the runway to be used?
+|''1. When directed to all stations:'' [AP13,14]<br/>
-|The magnetic direction (''or'' number) of the runway to be used is ...<br/>
+Will vessels in my immediate vicinity ... <br/>
-''Note.- The runway number is indicated by a two-figure group and the magnetic direction by a three-figure group.''
+''or''<br/> (in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude) <br/>
+''or''<br/> (in the vicinity of ...) please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed? <br/>
+''or''<br/>
+''2. When directed to a single station:'' [AP14]<br/> please indicate their position, TRUE course and speed?
+|My position, TRUE course and speed are ...
 |-
-|'''QFV '''
+|'''QUO*'''
-|Are the floodlights switched on?
+|Shall I search for ...<br/> 1. aircraft<br/> 2. ship<br/> 3. survival craft<br/> in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'')?
-|The floodlights are switched on.<br/>
+|Please search for ...<br/> 1. aircraft<br/> 2. ship<br/> 3. survival craft<br/> in the vicinity of ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').
-''or''<br/> Please switch on the floodlights.
 |-
-|'''QFW '''
+|'''QUP '''
-|What is the length of the runway in use in ... (''units'')?
+|Will you indicate your position by<br/> 1. searchlight<br/> 2. black smoke trail<br/> 3. pyrotechnic lights?
-|The length of runway ... now in use is ... (''figures and units'').
+|My position is indicated by<br/> 1. searchlight<br/> 2. black smoke trail<br/> 3. pyrotechnic lights.
 |-
-|'''QFX '''
+|'''QUQ '''
-|
+|Shall I train my searchlight nearly vertical on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if your aircraft is seen, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (''or'' land) to facilitate your landing?
-|I am working (''or'' am going to work) on a fixed aerial.<br/>
+|Please train your searchlight on a cloud, occulting if possible and, if my aircraft is seen or heard, deflect the beam up wind and on the water (''or'' land) to facilitate my landing. [[#AP13|[AP13]]]
-''or''<br/> Work on a fixed aerial.
 |-
-|'''QFY '''
+|'''QUR*'''
-|Please report the present meteorological landing conditions [at ... (''place'')].
+|Have survivors ...<br/> 1. received survival equipment<br/> 2. been picked up by rescue vessel<br/> 3. been reached by ground rescue<br/> party?
-|The present meteorological landing conditions at ... (''place'') are ...<br/> ''Note.- When given in Q Code the information is sent in the following sequence: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB, QNH and/or QFE and, if necessary, QMU, QNT, QBJ.''
+|Survivors ...<br/> 1. are in possession of survival equipment dropped by ...<br/> 2. have been picked up by rescue vessel<br/> 3. have been reached by ground rescue party.
 |-
-|'''QFZ '''
+|'''QUS*'''
-|What is the aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (''place'') for the period ... hours until ... hours?
+|Have you sighted survivors or wreckage? If so, in what position?
-|The aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (''place'') for the period ... hours until ... hours is ...<br/> ''Note.- When given in Q Code the following sequence of Q signal answer (or advice) forms is to be used: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB and, if necessary, QMU, QNT and QBJ.''
+|Have sighted ...<br/> 1. survivors in water<br/> 2. survivors on rafts<br/> 3. wreckage<br/> in position ... latitude, ... longitude (''or according to any other indication'').
 |-
-|'''QGC '''
+|'''QUT*'''
-|
+|Is position of incident marked?
-|There are obstructions to the ... of ... runway ...
+|Position of incident is marked by ...<br/> 1. flame or smoke float<br/> 2. sea marker<br/> 3. sea marker dye<br/> 4. ... (''specify other marking'').
 |-
-|'''QGD '''
+|'''QUU*'''
-|Are there on my track any obstructions whose elevation equals or exceeds my altitude?
+|Shall I home ship or aircraft to my position?
-|There are obstructions on your track ... (''figures and units'') height above ... (''datum'').
+|Home ship or aircraft ... (''call sign'') ...<br/> 1. to your position by transmitting your call sign and long dashes on ... kHz (''or'' MHz)<br/> 2. by transmitting on ... kHz (''or'' MHz) TRUE track to reach you.
 |-
-|'''QGE '''
+|'''QUW*'''
-|What is my distance to your station (''or'' to ...)?
+|Are you in the search area designated as ... (''designator or latitude and longitude'')?
-|Your distance to my station (''or'' to ...) is ... (''distance figures and units'').
+|I am in the ... (''designation'') search area.
 |-
-|'''QGH '''
+|'''QUX '''
-|May I land using ... (''procedure or facility'')?
+|Do you have any navigational warnings or gale warnings in force? [AP14]
-|You may land using ... (''procedure or facility'').
+|I have the following navigational warning(s) or gale warning(s) in force: ... [AP14]
 |-
-|'''QGK '''
+|'''QUY*'''
-|What track should I make good? <br/>
+|Is position of survival craft marked?
-''or''<br/> What track are you making good?
+|Position of survival craft was marked at ... hours by ...<br/> 1. flame or smoke float<br/> 2. sea marker<br/> 3. sea marker dye<br/> 4. ... (''specify other marking'').
-|Make good a track from ... (''place'') on ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic''). <br/>
-''or''<br/> I am making good a track from ... (''place'') on ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic'').
 |-
-|'''QGL '''
+|'''QUZ '''
-|May I enter the ... (''control area or zone'') at ... (''place'')?
+|May I resume restricted working? [AP14]
-|You may enter the ... (''control area or zone'') at ... (''place'').
+|Distress phase still in force; restricted working may be resumed. [AP14]
+|}
+These codes are specific to the Amateur Radio hobby
+{{anchor | amateur_radio }}
+{| class="wikitable" summary="Most common Q codes used in the amateur radio service"
 |-
-|'''QGM '''
+! Code !! Question !! Answer or Statement
-|
-|Leave the ... (''control area or zone'').
 |-
-|'''QGN '''
+| QLE || What is your expected signal? || The expected signal is low...
-|May I be cleared to land [at ... (''place'')]?
-|You are cleared to land [at ... (''place'')].
 |-
-|'''QGO '''
+| QNI || May I join the net? || You may check in...
-|
-|Landing is prohibited at ... (''place'').
 |-
-|'''QGP '''
+| QRA || What is the name (or call sign) of your station? || The name (or call sign) of my station is ...
-|What is my number for landing?
-|You are number ... to land.
 |-
-|'''QGQ '''
+| QRG || Will you tell me my exact frequency (or that of ...)? || Your exact frequency (or that of ... ) is ... kHz (or MHz).
-|May I hold at ... (''place'')?
-|Hold at ... (''place'') at flight level/altitude ... (''datum'') and await further clearance.
 |-
-|'''QGT '''
+| QRH || Does my frequency vary? || Your frequency varies.
-|
-|Fly for ... minutes on a heading what will enable you to maintain a track reciprocal to your present one.
 |-
-|'''QGU '''
+| QRI || How is the tone of my transmission?  || The tone of your transmission is (1. Good; 2. Variable; 3. Bad)
-|
-|Fly for ... minutes on a magnetic heading of ... degrees.
 |-
-|'''QGV '''
+| QRJ || How many voice contacts do you want to make? || I want to make ... voice contacts.
-|Do you see me?<br/>
-''or''<br/>
-Can you see the aerodrome? <br/>
-''or''<br/> Can you see ... (''aircraft'')?
-|I see you at ... (''cardinal or quadrantal point of direction''). <br/>
-''or''<br/> I can see the aerodrome.<br/>
-''or''<br/> I can see ... (aircraft).
 |-
-|'''QGW '''
+| QRK || What is the readability of my signals (or those of ...)?  || The readability of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
-|Does my landing gear appear to be down and in place?
-|Your landing gear appears to be down and in place.
 |-
-|'''QGZ '''
+| QRL || Are you busy?  || I am busy. (or I am busy with ... ) Please do not interfere.
-|
-|Hold on ... direction of ... facility.
 |-
-|'''QHE '''
+| QRM || Do you have interference? [from other stations] || I have interference.
-|Will you inform me when you are on ... leg of approach?
-|I am on ...<br/> 1) cross-wind leg<br/> 2) down-wind leg<br/> 3) base leg<br/> 4) final leg<br/> ... of approach.
 |-
-|'''QHG '''
+| QRN || Are you troubled by static?  || I am troubled by static.
-|May I enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ...?
-|Cleared to enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ...
 |-
-|'''QHH '''
+| QRO || Shall I increase power?  || Increase power.
-|Are you making an emergency landing?
-|I am making an emergency landing. <br/>
-''or''<br/> Emergency landing being made at ... (''place''). All aircraft below flight level/altitude ... and within a distance of ... (''figures and units'') leave ... (''place or headings'').
 |-
-|'''QHI '''
+| [[QRP operation|QRP]] || Shall I decrease power? || Decrease power.
-|Are you (''or'' is ...) ...<br/> 1) waterborne?<br/> 2) on land?
-|I am (''or'' ... is) ...<br/> 1) waterborne<br/> 2) on land<br/>
-at ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QHQ '''
+| QRQ || Shall I send faster?  || Send faster (... wpm)
-|May I make a ... approach [at ... (''place'')]? <br/>
-''or''<br/> Are you making a ... approach?
-|You may make a ... approach [at ... (''place'')]. <br/>
-''or''<br/> I am making a ... approach.
 |-
-|'''QHZ '''
+| QRS || Shall I send more slowly?  || Send more slowly (... wpm)
-|Shall I circle the aerodrome (''or'' go around)?
-|Circle the aerodrome (''or'' go around).
 |-
-|'''QIC '''
+| QRT || Shall I cease or suspend operation?/ shutoff the radio  || I am suspending operation. /shutting off the radio
-|May I establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.) now (''or'' at ... hours)?
-|Establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz. (''or'' MHz.) now (''or'' at ...hours).<br/>
-''or''<br/>
-I will establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz) now (''or'' at ... hours).
 |-
-|'''QIF '''
+| QRU || Have you anything for me?  || I have nothing for you.
-|What frequency is ... using?
-|... is using ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.).
 |-
-|'''QJA '''
+| QRV || Are you ready?  || I am ready.
-|Is my ...<br/> 1) tape<br/> 2) mark and space<br/> reversed?
-|Your ...<br/> 1) tape<br/> 2) mark and space<br/> is reversed.
 |-
-|'''QJB '''
+| QRW || Shall I inform ... that you are calling him on ... kHz (or MHz)? || Please inform ... that I am calling him on ... kHz (or MHz).
-|Will you use ...<br/> 1) radio?<br/> 2) cable?<br/> 3) telegraph?<br/> 4) teletypewriter?<br/> 5) telephone?<br/> 6) receiver?<br/> 7) transmitter?<br/> 8) reperforator?
-|I will use ...<br/> 1) radio.<br/> 2) cable.<br/> 3) telegraph.<br/> 4) teletypewriter.<br/> 5) telephone.<br/> 6) receiver.<br/> 7) transmitter.<br/> 8) reperforator.
 |-
-|'''QJC '''
+| QRX || Shall I standby / When will you call me again?  || Please standby / I will call you again at ... (hours) on ... kHz (or MHz)
-|Will you check your ...<br/> 1) transmitter distributor?<br/> 2) auto-head?<br/> 3) perforator?<br/> 4) reperforator?<br/> 5) printer?<br/> 6) printer motor?<br/> 7) keyboard?<br/> 8) antenna system?
-|I will check my ...<br/> 1) transmitter distributor.<br/> 2) auto-head.<br/> 3) perforator.<br/> 4) reperforator.<br/> 5) printer.<br/> 6) printer motor.<br/> 7) keyboard.<br/> 8) antenna system.
 |-
-|'''QJD '''
+| QRZ || Who is calling me?  || You are being called by ... on ... kHz (or MHz)
-|Am I transmitting ...<br/> 1) in letters?<br/> 2) in figures?
-|You are transmitting ...<br/> 1) in letters<br/> 2) in figures.
 |-
-|'''QJE '''
+| QSA || What is the strength of my signals (or those of ... )?  || The strength of your signals (or those of ...) is ... (1 to 5).
-|Is my frequency shift ...<br/> 1) too wide?<br/> 2) too narrow?<br/> 3) correct?
-|Your frequency shift is ...<br/> 1) too wide.<br/> 2) too narrow (by ... cycles).<br/> 3) correct.
 |-
-|'''QJF '''
+| QSB || Are my signals fading?  || Your signals are fading.
-|
-|My signal as checked by monitor ... is satisfactory ...<br/> 1) locally.<br/> 2) as radiated.
 |-
-|'''QJG '''
+| QSD || Is my keying defective?  || Your keying is defective.
-|Shall I revert to automatic relay?
-|Revert to automatic relay.
 |-
-|'''QJH '''
+| QSG || Shall I send ... telegrams (messages) at a time? || Send ... telegrams (messages) at a time.
-|Shall I run ...<br/> 1) my test tape?<br/> 2) a test sentence?
-|Run ...<br/> 1) your test tape.<br/> 2) a test sentence.
 |-
-|'''QJI '''
+| [[QSK operation (full break-in)|QSK]] || Can you hear me between your signals?  || I can hear you between my signals.
-|Will you transmit a continuous ...<br/> 1) mark?<br/> 2) space?
-|I am transmitting a continuous...<br/> 1) mark.<br/> 2) space.
 |-
-|'''QJK '''
+| [[QSL card|QSL]] || Can you acknowledge receipt?  || I am acknowledging receipt.
-|Are you receiving ...<br/> 1) a continuous mark?<br/> 2) a continuous space?<br/> 3) a mark bias?<br/> 4) a space bias?
-|I am receiving ...<br/> 1) a continuous mark.<br/> 2) a continuous space.<br/> 3) a mark bias.<br/> 4) a space bias.
 |-
-|'''QKC '''
+| QSM || Shall I repeat the last telegram (message) which I sent you, or some previous telegram (message)?  || Repeat the last telegram (message) which you sent me (or telegram(s) (message(s)) numbers(s) ...).
-|
-|The sea conditions (at ... position) ...<br/> 1) permit alighting but not take-off.<br/> 2) render alighting extremely hazardous.
 |-
-|'''QKF '''
+| QSN || Did you hear me (or ... (call sign)) on .. kHz (or MHz)?  || I did hear you (or ... (call sign)) on ... kHz (or MHz).
-|May I be relieved (at ... hours)?
-|You may expect to be relieved at ... hours [by ... <br/> 1) aircraft ... (''identification'') (type ...)<br/> 2) vessel whose call sign is ... (''call sign'') {''and/or'' whose name is ... (''name'')}].
 |-
-|'''QKG '''
+| [[Contact (amateur radio)|QSO]] || Can you communicate with ... direct or by relay?  || I can communicate with ... direct (or by relay through ...).
-|Will relief take place when ... (''identification'') establishes ...<br/> 1) visual,<br/> 2) communications,<br/> contact with survivors?
-|Relief will take place when ... (''identification'') establishes ...<br/> 1) visual,<br/> 2) communications,<br/> contact with survivors.
 |-
-|'''QKH '''
+| QSP || Will you relay a message to ...? || I will relay a message to ... .
-|Report details of the parallel sweep (track) search being (''or'' to be) conducted?<br/>
-''or''<br/>
-In the parallel sweep (track) search being (''or'' to be) conducted, what is (are) ... <br/>
-) the direction of sweeps,<br/>
-) the separation between sweeps,<br/>
-) the flight level/altitude ... employed in the search pattern?
-|The parallel sweep (track) search is being (''or'' to be) conducted ...<br/>
-) with direction of sweeps ... degrees ... (''true or magnetic'').<br/>
-) with ... (''distance figures and units'') separation between sweeps.<br/>
-) at flight level/altitude ...
 |-
-|'''QKN '''
+| QSR || Do you want me to repeat my call? || Please repeat your call; I did not hear you.
-|
-|Aircraft plotted (believed to be you) in position ... on track ... degrees at ... hours.
 |-
-|'''QKO '''
+| QSS || What working frequency will you use? || I will use the working frequency ... kHz (or MHz).
-|What other units are (''or'' will be) taking part in the operation [... (''identification of operation'')]?
-|In the operation [... (''identification'')], the following units are (''or'' will be) taking part ... (''name of units'').<br/>
-''or''<br/>
-... (''name'') unit is taking part in operation [... (''identification''] (with effect from ... hours).
 |-
-|'''QKP '''
+| QST || – || Here is a broadcast message to all amateurs.
-|Which pattern of search is being followed?
-|The search pattern is ...<br/> 1) parallel sweep.<br/> 2) square search.<br/> 3) creeping line ahead.<br/> 4) track crawl.<br/> 5) contour search.<br/> 6) combined search by aircraft and ship.<br/> 7) ... (''specify'').
 |-
-|'''QLB '''
+| QSU || Shall I send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? || Send or reply on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
-|Will you monitor ... station and report regarding range, quality, etc.?
-|I have monitored ... station and report (''briefly'') as follows ...
 |-
-|'''QLH '''
+| QSW || Will you send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz))? || I am going to send on this frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
-|Will you use simultaneous keying on ... frequency and ... frequency?
-|I will now key simultaneously on ... frequency and ... frequency.
 |-
-|'''QLV '''
+| QSX || Will you listen to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))?  || I am listening to ... (call sign(s) on ... kHz (or MHz))
-|Is the ... radio facility still required?
-|The ... radio facility is still required.
 |-
-|'''QMH '''
+| QSY || Shall I change to transmission on another frequency?  || Change to transmission on another frequency (or on ... kHz (or MHz)).
-|
-|Shift to transmit and receive on ... kHz (''or'' ... MHz.); if communication is not established within 5 minutes, revert to present frequency.
 |-
-|'''QMI '''
+| QSZ || Shall I send each word or group more than once? || Send each word or group twice (or ... times).
-|Report the vertical distribution of cloud [at ... (''position or zone'')] as observed from your aircraft.
-|The vertical distribution of cloud as observed from my aircraft at ... hours at ... (''position or zone'') is :<br/>
-lowest layer observed* ... eights (... type) with base of ... (''figures and units'') and tops of ... (''figures and units'')<br/>
-[''*and similarly in sequence for each of the layers observed.'']<br/>
-height above ... (''datum'').
 |-
-|'''QMU '''
+| QTA || Shall I cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent?  || Cancel telegram (message) No. ... as if it had not been sent.
-|What is the surface temperature at ... (''place'') and what is the dew point temperature at that place?
-|The surface temperature at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... degrees and the dew point temperature at that time and place is ... degrees.
 |-
-|'''QMW '''
+| QTC || How many telegrams (messages) have you to send?  || I have ... telegrams (messages) for you (or for ...).
-|At ... (''position or zone'') what is (are) the flight level(s)/altitude(s) ... of the zero Celsius isotherm(s)?
-|At ... (''position or zone'') the zero Celsius isotherm(s) is (are) at flight level(s)/altitude(s) ...
 |-
-|'''QMX '''
+| QTH || What is your position in latitude and longitude (or according to any other indication)?  || My position is ... latitude...longitude
-|What is the air temperature [at ... (''position or zone'')] (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ...?
-|At ... (''position or zone'') at ... hours the air temperature is ... (''degrees and units'') at flight level/altitude ... <br/>
-''Note.- Aircraft reporting QMX information will transmit the temperature figures as corrected for airspeed.''
 |-
-|'''QMZ '''
+| QTR || What is the correct time?  || The correct time is ... hours
-|Have you any amendments to the flight forecast in respect of section of route yet to be traversed?
-|The following amendment(s) should be made to the flight forecast ... <br/>
-[''If no amendments, signal QMZ NIL'']
 |-
-|'''QNE '''
+| QTU || At what times are you operating? || I am operating from ... to ... hours.
-|What indication will my altimeter give on landing at ... (''place'') at ... hours, my sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches)?
-|On landing at ... (''place'') at ... hours, with your sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches), your altimeter will indicate ... (''figures and units'').
 |-
-|'''QNH '''
+| QTX || Will you keep your station open for further communication with me until further notice (or until ... hours)? || I will keep my station open for further communication with you until further notice (or until ... hours).
-|What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its elevation if my aircraft were on the ground at your station?
-|If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its elevation if your aircraft were on the ground at my station at ... hours.<br/>
-''Note.- When the setting is given in hundredths of inch the abbreviation INS is used to identify the units.''
 |-
-|'''QNI '''
+| QUA || Have you news of ... (call sign)? || Here is news of ... (call sign).
-|Between what heights above ... (''datum'') has turbulence been observed at ... (''position or zone'')?
-|Turbulence has been observed at ... (''position or zone'') with an intensity of ... between ... (''figures and units'') and ... (''figures and units'') heights above ... (''datum'').
 |-
-|'''QNO '''
+| QUC || What is the number (or other indication) of the last message you received from me (or from ... (call sign))? || The number (or other indication) of the last message I received from you (or from ... (call sign)) is ...
-|
-|I am not equipped to give the information (''or'' provide the facility) requested.
 |-
-|'''QNR '''
+| QUD || Have you received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? || I have received the urgency signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
-|
-|I am approaching my point of no return.
 |-
-|'''QNT '''
+| QUE || Can you speak in ... (language), – with interpreter if necessary; if so, on what frequencies? || I can speak in ... (language) on ... kHz (or MHz).
-|What is the maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (''place'')?
-|The maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (''place'') at ... hours is ... (''speed figures and units'').
 |-
-|'''QNY '''
+| QUF || Have you received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station)? || I have received the distress signal sent by ... (call sign of mobile station) at ... hours.
-|What is the present weather and the intensity thereof at ... (''place, position or zone'')?
+|}
-|The present weather and intensity thereof at ... (''place, position or zone'') at ... hours is ...<br/>
-''Notes:<br/>
+Notes for response to radiotelegraph Q-codes: Responses to a radiotelegraph Q-code query or a Q-code assertion may vary depending upon the code. For Q-code assertions or queries which only need to be acknowledged as received, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "R" for "Roger" which means "Received correctly". Sending an "R" merely means the code has been correctly received and does not necessarily mean that the receiving operator has taken any other action. For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the affirmative, the usual practice is to respond with the letter "C" (Sounds like the Spanish word "Si"). For Q-code queries that need to be answered in the negative, the usual practice it to respond with the letter "N" for "no". For those Q-code assertions that merely need to be acknowledged as understood, the usual practice is to respond with the [[prosigns for Morse code|prosign]] <code>SN</code> or <code>VE</code> which means "understood".  On telegraph cable networks "KK" was often used at the end of a reply to a Q Code to mean "OK" or "Acknowledged". This practice predates amateur radio as telegraph operators in the late 19th Century are known to have used it.
-a) When present weather information is transmitted by a ground station, the abbreviations shall be selected from those specified in Annex 3, paragraph 4.8.2.<br/>
-b) When present weather information is transmitted by an aircraft, the information shall be selected from items 10 to 12 of the AIREP form.''
-|}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Q-codes|url=http://www.kloth.net/radio/qcodes.php}}</ref>
 ==Lightning Protection==