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Ham Radio
(See also: Software-Defined Radio)
Ham Radio is an old hobby that has origins as far back as the late 1800's. It was formalized as a hobby in the early 20th century. It is an over-regulated piece of shit, but what isn't now a days.
Ham Radio
Contents
Testing In The US
Element 2 Technician 35 out of 426 questions from this pool
| Frequencies | 80m | 40m | 15m | 10m | 6m | 2m | 1.25m | 70cm | 33cm | 23cm |
Element 3 General 35 out of 462 questions from this pool
| Frequencies | 2200m | 630m | 160m | 80m | 60m | 40m | 30m | 20m | 17m |
| 15m | 12m | 10m | 6m | 2m | 1.25m | 70cm | 33cm | 23cm |
Element 4 Amateur Extra 50 out of 712 questions from this pool
| Frequencies | 2200m | 630m | 160m | 80m | 60m | 40m | 30m | 20m | 17m |
| 15m | 12m | 10m | 6m | 2m | 1.25m | 70cm | 33cm | 23cm |
Find Testing Locations In The US
Get Your FCC Registration Number
You will need either an FCC Registration or Social Security number in order to take the exam. It is not necessary to register beforehand with the FCC, but it will speed things along if you bring the paperwork.
FCC License Data Search
For a fee of $15 USD you may take one or all three tests in one sitting at no additional charge. If you fail a test, you may spend an additional $15 USD to retake it. Your license is good for 10 years with a 2 year grace period to retest after expiration. You are no longer required to know Morse code for any of these tests.
FCC Part 97 The US Amateur Rulebook
Maths You Should Know
Ohm's Law
| Solve For Watts | Amp2 x Ohm | Volt2 / Ohm | Volt x Amp |
| Solve For Volts | Amp x Ohm | √Watt x Ohm | Watt / Amp |
| Solve For Amps | Volt / Ohm | Watt / Volt | √Watt / Ohm |
| Solve For Ohms | Volt2 / Watt | Volt / Amp | Watt / Amp2 |
Speed of Light Is a Constant 299,792,458 Meters Per Second
Wavelength is represented in Meters as λ
Frequency is represented in Mega Hertz as f
Speed of Light c (300MM) / Frequency f (MHz) = Wavelength λ (Meters)
This is the basic formula to find full wavelength in meters for a given frequency.
Antennas
Loop Antennas are full wavelength with one element.
c/f=λ Element Length
Dipoles are half wave with two elements.
c/f/2 = λ/2 Element Lengths
Ground Planes must be at least quarter wave with one vertical and four radial elements.
c/f/4 = λ Vertical Element Length
c/f/4 = λ Radial Element Lengths
3 Element Yagi Yagis are directional antennas consisting of a boom with reflector, driven, and director elements.
c/f = λ*.495 = Reflector Element Length
c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length
c/f = λ*.473 = Driven Element Length
c/f = λ*.125 = Boom Separation Length
c/f = λ*.440 = Director Element Length
Polarization
Ionosphere
Electrical Components
ITU Radio Bands
| VLF | LF | MF | HF | VHF | UHF | SHF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 to 30 kHz | 30 to 300 kHz | 300 to 3 MHz | 3 to 30 MHz | 30 to 300 MHz | 300 to 3 GHz | 3 to 30 GHz |
Feedline
RG6 is common and cheap, but higher resistance at 75 Ohms. You should not use this.
RG58 is cheap, 50 Ohms, and perfectly acceptable for HF.
RG8X is slightly more expensive than RG58, but lower loss.
RG213 is double the price of RG58 and RG8X, but lower attenuation at higher frequencies.
RG8U is almost identical to RG213 in price and attenuation, but has lower loss per 100ft.
LMR400 is exceptional at higher frequencies as well as low. If your software radio can do 1GHz-6GHz, this is what you get.
Transceiver Type
Q Code
A Q Code is a shorthand for Ham Radio. It was formalized in the Morse Code days.
These are the standardized, modern Q Codes recognized internationally.
| Question ? | Answer or Advice | |
|---|---|---|
| QAB | May I have clearance (for ...) from ... (place) to ... (place) at flight level/altitude ... ? | You are cleared (or ... is cleared) by ... from ... (place) to ... (place) at flight level/altitude ... |
| QAF | Will you advise me when you are (were) at (over) ... (place)? | I am (was) at (over) ... (place) (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ... |
| QAG | Arrange your flight in order to arrive over ... (place) at ... hours. or | |
| QAH | What is your height above ... (datum)? | I am at .... flight level/altitude ... or |
| QAI | What is the essential traffic respecting my aircraft? | The essential traffic respecting your aircraft is ... |
| QAK | Is there any risk of collision? | There is risk of collision. |
| QAL | Are you going to land at ... (place)? or |
I am going to land at ... (place). or |
| QAM | What is the latest available meteorological observation for ... (place)? | Meteorological observation made at ... (place) at ... hours was as follows ... Note.- The information may be given in Q Code form or the METAR form. |
| QAN | What is the surface wind direction and speed at ... (place)? | The surface wind direction and speed at ... (place) at ... hours is ... (direction) ... (speed). |
| QAO | What is the wind direction in degrees TRUE and speed at ... (position or zone/s) at each of the ... (figures) ... (units) levels above ... (datum)? | The wind direction and speed at (position or zone/s) at flight level/altitude ... is: ... (vertical distance) ... degrees TRUE ... (speed). |
| QAP | Shall I listen for you (or for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz)? | Listen for me (or for ...) on ... kHz (... MHz). |
| QAQ | Am I near a prohibited, restricted or danger area? or |
You are ... 1) near 2) flying within area ... (identification of area). |
| QAR | May I stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes? | You may stop listening on the watch frequency for ... minutes. |
| QAU | Where may I jettison fuel? | I am about to jettison fuel. or |
| QAW | I am about to carry out overshoot procedure. | |
| QAY | Will you advise me when you pass (passed) ... (place) bearing 090 (270) degrees relative to your heading? | I passed ... (place) bearing ... degrees relative to my heading at ... hours. |
| QAZ | Are you experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm? | I am experiencing communication difficulties through flying in a storm. |
| QBA | What is the horizontal visibility at ... (place)? | The horizontal visibility at ... (place) at ... hours is ... (distance figures and units). |
| QBB | What is the amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud [at ... (place)]? | The amount, type and height above official aerodrome elevation of the base of the cloud at ... (place) at ... hours is: ... eights (... type) at ... (figures and units) height above official aerodrome elevation. |
| QBC | Report meteorological conditions as observed from your aircraft [at ... (position or zone)] [(at ... hours)]. | The meteorological conditions as observed from my aircraft at ... (position or zone) at ... hours at ... (figures and units) height above ... (datum) are ... Note.-The answer is required in the format of an AIREP message. |
| QBD | How much fuel have you remaining (expressed as hours and/or minutes of consumption)? | My fuel endurance is ... (hours and/or minutes). |
| QBE | I am about to wind in my aerial. | |
| QBF | Are you flying in cloud? | I am flying in cloud at ... flight level/altitude ... [and I am ascending (descending) to flight level/altitude ...]. |
| QBG | Are you flying above cloud? | I am flying above cloud and at flight level/altitude ... or |
| QBH | Are you flying below cloud? | I am flying below cloud and at flight level/altitude ... or |
| QBI | Is flight under IFR compulsory at ... (place) [or from ... to ... (place)]? | Flight under IFR is compulsory at ... (place) [or from ... to ... (place)]. |
| QBJ | What is the amount, type and height above ... (datum) of the top of the cloud [at ... (position or zone)]? | At ... hours at ... (position or zone) the top of the cloud is: amount ... eights (... type) at ... (figures and units) height above ... (datum). |
| QBK | Are you flying with no cloud in your vicinity? | I am flying with no cloud in my vicinity and at flight level/altitude ... |
| QBM | Has ... sent any messages for me? | Here is the message sent by ... at ... hours. |
| QBN | Are you flying between two layers of cloud? | I am flying between two layers of cloud and at flight level/altitude ... |
| QBO | What is the nearest aerodrome at which flight under VFR is permissible and which would be suitable for my landing? | Flying under VFR is permissible at ... (place) which would be suitable for your landing. |
| QBP | Are you flying in and out of cloud? | I am flying in and out of cloud and at flight level/altitude ... |
| QBS | Ascend (or descend) to ... (figures and units) height above ... (datum) before encountering instrument meteorological conditions or if visibility falls below ... (distance figures and units) and advise. | |
| QBT | What is the runway visual range at ... (place)? | The runway visual range at ... (place) at ... hours is ... (distance figures and units). |
| QBV | Have you reached flight level/altitude ... [or ... (area or place)]? | I have reached ... flight level/altitude ... [or ... (area or place)]. or |
| QBX | Have you left ... flight level/altitude ... [or ... (area or place)]? | I have left ... flight level/altitude ... [or ... (area or place)]. or |
| QBZ | Report your flying conditions in relation to clouds. | The reply to QBZ ? is given by the appropriate answer form of signals QBF, QBG, QBH, QBK, QBN and QBP. |
| QCA | May I change my flight level/altitude from ... to ... ? | You may change your flight level/altitude from ... to ... or |
| QCB | Delay is being caused by ... 1) you're transmitting out of turn. 2) your slowness in answering. 3) lack of your reply to my ... | |
| QCE | When may I expect approach clearance? | Expect approach clearance at ... hours. or |
| QCF | Delay indefinite. Expect approach clearance not later than ... hours. | |
| QCH | May I taxi to ... (place)? | Cleared to taxi to ... (place). |
| QCI | Make a 360-degree turn immediately (turning to the ...). or | |
| QCS | My reception on ... frequency has broken down. | |
| QCX | What is your full call sign? | My full call sign is ... or |
| QCY | I am working on a trailing aerial. or | |
| QDB | Have you sent message ... to ... ? | I have sent message ... to ... |
| QDF | What is your D-Value at ... (position)? or |
My D-Value at ... (position) at ... (figures and units) height above the 1013.2 millibars datum is ... (D-Value figures and units) ... (specify plus or minus). or |
| QDL | Do you intend to ask me for a series of bearings? | I intend to ask you for a series of bearings. |
| QDM | Will you indicate the MAGNETIC heading for me to steer towards you (or ...) with no wind? | The MAGNETIC heading for you to steer to reach me (or ...) with no wind was ... degrees (at ... hours). |
| QDP | Will you accept control (or responsibility) of (for) ... now (or at ... hours)? | I will accept control (or responsibility) of (for) ... now (or at ... hours). |
| QDR | What is my MAGNETIC bearing from you (or from ...)? | Your MAGNETIC bearing from me (or from ...) was ... degrees (at ... hours). |
| QDT | Are you flying in visual meteorological condition? | I am flying in visual meteorological condition. or |
| QDU | Cancelling my IFR flight. or | |
| QDV | Are you flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (figures and units)? | I am flying in a flight visibility of less than ... (figures and units) at flight level/altitude ... |
| QEA | May I cross the runway ahead of me? | You may cross the runway ahead of you. |
| QEB | May I turn at the intersection? | Taxi as follows at the intersection ... (straight ahead DRT turn left LEFT turn right RITE). |
| QEC | May I make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway? | You may make a 180-degree turn and return down the runway. |
| QED | Shall I follow the pilot vehicle? | Follow the pilot vehicle. |
| QEF | Have I reached my parking area? or |
You have reached your parking area. or |
| QEG | May I leave the parking area? or |
You may leave the parking area. or |
| QEH | May I move to the holding position for runway number ... ? or |
Cleared to the holding position for runway number ... or |
| QEJ | May I assume position for take-off? or |
Cleared to hold at take-off position for runway number ... or |
| QEK | Are you ready for immediate take-off? | I am ready for immediate take-off. |
| QEL | May I take-off (and make a ... hand turn after take-off)? | You are cleared to take-off (turn as follows after take-off ...). |
| QEM | What is the condition of the landing surface at ... (place)? | The condition of the landing surface at ... (place) is ... Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups. |
| QEN | Shall I hold my position? | Hold your position |
| QEO | Shall I clear the runway (or landing area)? or |
Clear the runway (or landing area). or |
| QES | Is a right-hand circuit in force at ... (place)? | A right-hand circuit is in force at ... (place). |
| QFA | What is the meteorological forecast for ... (flight, route, section of route or zone) for the period ... hours until ... hours? | The meteorological forecast for ... (flight, route, section of route or zone) for the period ... hours until ... hours is ... |
| QFB | The ... 1) approach 2) runway 3) approach and runway lights are out of order. | |
| QFC | What is the amount, the type and the height above ... (datum) of the base of the cloud at ... (place, position or zone)? | At ... (place, position or zone) the base of the cloud is ... eighths ... type at ... (figures and units) height above ... (datum). |
| QFD | 1) Is the ... visual beacon [at ... (place)] in operation? 2) Will you switch on the ... visual beacon [at ... (place)]? 3) Will you extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (place)] until I have landed? |
1) The ... visual beacon [at ... (place)] is in operation 2) I will extinguish the aerodrome visual beacon [at ... (place)] until your landing is completed. |
| QFE | What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its height above the reference elevation being used? | If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its height above aerodrome elevation (above threshold, runway number ...). |
| QFF | [At ... (place)] what is the present atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice? | At ... (place) the atmospheric pressure converted to mean sea level in accordance with meteorological practice is (or was determined at ... hours to be) ... millibars. |
| QFG | Am I overhead? | You are overhead. |
| QFH | May I descend below the clouds? | You may descend below the clouds. |
| QFI | Are the aerodrome lights lit? | The aerodrome lights are lit. or |
| QFL | Will you send up pyrotechnical lights? | I will send up pyrotechnical lights. |
| QFM | What flight level/altitude ... 1) should I maintain? 2) are you maintaining? 3) do you intend cruising at? |
... 1) Maintain (or fly at) flight level/altitude ... |
| QFO | May I land immediately? | You may land immediately. |
| QFP | Will you give me the latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (place)]? | The latest information concerning ... facility [at ... (place)] is as follows ... Note.- The information is given by sending appropriate NOTAM Code groups. |
| QFQ | Are the approach and runway lights lit? | The approach and runway lights are lit. or |
| QFR | Does my landing gear appear damaged? | Your landing gear appears damaged. |
| QFS | Is the radio facility at ... (place) in operation? | The radio facility at ... (place) is in operation (or will be in operation in ... hours). or |
| QFT | Between what heights above ... (datum) has ice formation been observed [at ... (position or zone)]? | Ice formation has been observed at ... (position or zone) in the type of ... and with an accretion rate of ... between ... (figures and units) and ... (figures and units) heights above ... (datum). |
| QFU | What is the magnetic direction (or number) of the runway to be used? | The magnetic direction (or number) of the runway to be used is ... Note.- The runway number is indicated by a two-figure group and the magnetic direction by a three-figure group. |
| QFV | Are the floodlights switched on? | The floodlights are switched on. or |
| QFW | What is the length of the runway in use in ... (units)? | The length of runway ... now in use is ... (figures and units). |
| QFX | I am working (or am going to work) on a fixed aerial. or | |
| QFY | Please report the present meteorological landing conditions [at ... (place)]. | The present meteorological landing conditions at ... (place) are ... Note.- When given in Q Code the information is sent in the following sequence: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB, QNH and/or QFE and, if necessary, QMU, QNT, QBJ. |
| QFZ | What is the aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (place) for the period ... hours until ... hours? | The aerodrome meteorological forecast for ... (place) for the period ... hours until ... hours is ... Note.- When given in Q Code the following sequence of Q signal answer (or advice) forms is to be used: QAN, QBA, QNY, QBB and, if necessary, QMU, QNT and QBJ. |
| QGC | There are obstructions to the ... of ... runway ... | |
| QGD | Are there on my track any obstructions whose elevation equals or exceeds my altitude? | There are obstructions on your track ... (figures and units) height above ... (datum). |
| QGE | What is my distance to your station (or to ...)? | Your distance to my station (or to ...) is ... (distance figures and units). |
| QGH | May I land using ... (procedure or facility)? | You may land using ... (procedure or facility). |
| QGK | What track should I make good? or |
Make good a track from ... (place) on ... degrees ... (true or magnetic). or |
| QGL | May I enter the ... (control area or zone) at ... (place)? | You may enter the ... (control area or zone) at ... (place). |
| QGM | Leave the ... (control area or zone). | |
| QGN | May I be cleared to land [at ... (place)]? | You are cleared to land [at ... (place)]. |
| QGO | Landing is prohibited at ... (place). | |
| QGP | What is my number for landing? | You are number ... to land. |
| QGQ | May I hold at ... (place)? | Hold at ... (place) at flight level/altitude ... (datum) and await further clearance. |
| QGT | Fly for ... minutes on a heading what will enable you to maintain a track reciprocal to your present one. | |
| QGU | Fly for ... minutes on a magnetic heading of ... degrees. | |
| QGV | Do you see me? or |
I see you at ... (cardinal or quadrantal point of direction). or |
| QGW | Does my landing gear appear to be down and in place? | Your landing gear appears to be down and in place. |
| QGZ | Hold on ... direction of ... facility. | |
| QHE | Will you inform me when you are on ... leg of approach? | I am on ... 1) cross-wind leg 2) down-wind leg 3) base leg 4) final leg ... of approach. |
| QHG | May I enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ...? | Cleared to enter traffic circuit at flight level/altitude ... |
| QHH | Are you making an emergency landing? | I am making an emergency landing. or |
| QHI | Are you (or is ...) ... 1) waterborne? 2) on land? |
I am (or ... is) ... 1) waterborne 2) on land at ... hours. |
| QHQ | May I make a ... approach [at ... (place)]? or |
You may make a ... approach [at ... (place)]. or |
| QHZ | Shall I circle the aerodrome (or go around)? | Circle the aerodrome (or go around). |
| QIC | May I establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz (or ... MHz.) now (or at ... hours)? | Establish communication with ... radio station on ... kHz. (or MHz.) now (or at ...hours). or |
| QIF | What frequency is ... using? | ... is using ... kHz (or ... MHz.). |
| QJA | Is my ... 1) tape 2) mark and space reversed? |
Your ... 1) tape 2) mark and space is reversed. |
| QJB | Will you use ... 1) radio? 2) cable? 3) telegraph? 4) teletypewriter? 5) telephone? 6) receiver? 7) transmitter? 8) reperforator? |
I will use ... 1) radio. 2) cable. 3) telegraph. 4) teletypewriter. 5) telephone. 6) receiver. 7) transmitter. 8) reperforator. |
| QJC | Will you check your ... 1) transmitter distributor? 2) auto-head? 3) perforator? 4) reperforator? 5) printer? 6) printer motor? 7) keyboard? 8) antenna system? |
I will check my ... 1) transmitter distributor. 2) auto-head. 3) perforator. 4) reperforator. 5) printer. 6) printer motor. 7) keyboard. 8) antenna system. |
| QJD | Am I transmitting ... 1) in letters? 2) in figures? |
You are transmitting ... 1) in letters 2) in figures. |
| QJE | Is my frequency shift ... 1) too wide? 2) too narrow? 3) correct? |
Your frequency shift is ... 1) too wide. 2) too narrow (by ... cycles). 3) correct. |
| QJF | My signal as checked by monitor ... is satisfactory ... 1) locally. 2) as radiated. | |
| QJG | Shall I revert to automatic relay? | Revert to automatic relay. |
| QJH | Shall I run ... 1) my test tape? 2) a test sentence? |
Run ... 1) your test tape. 2) a test sentence. |
| QJI | Will you transmit a continuous ... 1) mark? 2) space? |
I am transmitting a continuous... 1) mark. 2) space. |
| QJK | Are you receiving ... 1) a continuous mark? 2) a continuous space? 3) a mark bias? 4) a space bias? |
I am receiving ... 1) a continuous mark. 2) a continuous space. 3) a mark bias. 4) a space bias. |
| QKC | The sea conditions (at ... position) ... 1) permit alighting but not take-off. 2) render alighting extremely hazardous. | |
| QKF | May I be relieved (at ... hours)? | You may expect to be relieved at ... hours [by ... 1) aircraft ... (identification) (type ...) 2) vessel whose call sign is ... (call sign) {and/or whose name is ... (name)}]. |
| QKG | Will relief take place when ... (identification) establishes ... 1) visual, 2) communications, contact with survivors? |
Relief will take place when ... (identification) establishes ... 1) visual, 2) communications, contact with survivors. |
| QKH | Report details of the parallel sweep (track) search being (or to be) conducted? or |
The parallel sweep (track) search is being (or to be) conducted ... 1) with direction of sweeps ... degrees ... (true or magnetic). |
| QKN | Aircraft plotted (believed to be you) in position ... on track ... degrees at ... hours. | |
| QKO | What other units are (or will be) taking part in the operation [... (identification of operation)]? | In the operation [... (identification)], the following units are (or will be) taking part ... (name of units). or |
| QKP | Which pattern of search is being followed? | The search pattern is ... 1) parallel sweep. 2) square search. 3) creeping line ahead. 4) track crawl. 5) contour search. 6) combined search by aircraft and ship. 7) ... (specify). |
| QLB | Will you monitor ... station and report regarding range, quality, etc.? | I have monitored ... station and report (briefly) as follows ... |
| QLH | Will you use simultaneous keying on ... frequency and ... frequency? | I will now key simultaneously on ... frequency and ... frequency. |
| QLV | Is the ... radio facility still required? | The ... radio facility is still required. |
| QMH | Shift to transmit and receive on ... kHz (or ... MHz.); if communication is not established within 5 minutes, revert to present frequency. | |
| QMI | Report the vertical distribution of cloud [at ... (position or zone)] as observed from your aircraft. | The vertical distribution of cloud as observed from my aircraft at ... hours at ... (position or zone) is : lowest layer observed* ... eights (... type) with base of ... (figures and units) and tops of ... (figures and units) |
| QMU | What is the surface temperature at ... (place) and what is the dew point temperature at that place? | The surface temperature at ... (place) at ... hours is ... degrees and the dew point temperature at that time and place is ... degrees. |
| QMW | At ... (position or zone) what is (are) the flight level(s)/altitude(s) ... of the zero Celsius isotherm(s)? | At ... (position or zone) the zero Celsius isotherm(s) is (are) at flight level(s)/altitude(s) ... |
| QMX | What is the air temperature [at ... (position or zone)] (at ... hours) at flight level/altitude ...? | At ... (position or zone) at ... hours the air temperature is ... (degrees and units) at flight level/altitude ... Note.- Aircraft reporting QMX information will transmit the temperature figures as corrected for airspeed. |
| QMZ | Have you any amendments to the flight forecast in respect of section of route yet to be traversed? | The following amendment(s) should be made to the flight forecast ... [If no amendments, signal QMZ NIL] |
| QNE | What indication will my altimeter give on landing at ... (place) at ... hours, my sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches)? | On landing at ... (place) at ... hours, with your sub-scale being set to 1013.2 millibars (29.92 inches), your altimeter will indicate ... (figures and units). |
| QNH | What should I set on the subscale of my altimeter so that the instrument would indicate its elevation if my aircraft were on the ground at your station? | If you set the subscale of your altimeter to read ... millibars, the instrument would indicate its elevation if your aircraft were on the ground at my station at ... hours. Note.- When the setting is given in hundredths of inch the abbreviation INS is used to identify the units. |
| QNI | Between what heights above ... (datum) has turbulence been observed at ... (position or zone)? | Turbulence has been observed at ... (position or zone) with an intensity of ... between ... (figures and units) and ... (figures and units) heights above ... (datum). |
| QNO | I am not equipped to give the information (or provide the facility) requested. | |
| QNR | I am approaching my point of no return. | |
| QNT | What is the maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (place)? | The maximum speed of the surface wind at ... (place) at ... hours is ... (speed figures and units). |
| QNY | What is the present weather and the intensity thereof at ... (place, position or zone)? | The present weather and intensity thereof at ... (place, position or zone) at ... hours is ... Notes: |
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Lightning Protection
If your antenna is outdoors, you should take precaution to prevent yourself and your gear from becoming dead. Metal antenna mounts should be grounded using 10 gauge insulated solid core copper wire. Your coax should have a lightning arrestor between the antenna and your equipment. The arrestor should be mounted near the lightning rod it's grounded to. To prevent moisture ingress, the arrestor and coax connectors should be placed in a plastic electrical box. If you have a wire dipole antenna, you should use ceramic insulators at both ends and guy rope to tie between two points.
